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CRIME AND DEVIANCE (CLASS, POWER AND CRIME (Marxism, class and crime…

- - - - exploitation of the w/c = poverty leads to crime to survive
      - crime may be the only way to obtain consumer goods encouraged by capitalist advertising
      - alienation and lack of control - frustration and aggression
      - capitalist competition + profit motive encourages white collar and corporate crime
    - - laws only serve the ruling class, eg.Chambliss' example of English law in East African colonies
      - selective enforcement of the law eg. crimes of the powerful are ignored in order to benefit capitalism
    - - laws are occasionally passed to benefit the w/c
        
        Pearce - such laws benefit the ruling class too + ideological function that the ruling class cares
        
        media and criminologists mask the fact that crime is created by capitalism
    - - ignores relationship crime w gender or ethnicity
      - too deterministic
      - not all capitalist societies have a high crime rate
      - ignores intra-class crimes
  - - - A fully social theory of deviance
    - - Feminist - 'gender blind'
      - Left realist - romanticises w/c crime
      - Left realist - ignore effects on victims
      - Burke - too general to explain crime and too idealistic to tackle crime
  - - - Sutherland - "a crime committed by a person of respectability and high social status in the course of his occupation"
        
        fails to distinguish between occupational and corporate crime
        
        a lot of the crimes by the powerful don't break the criminal law
      - Pearce and Tombs - "any illegal act or omission that is the result of deliberate decisions or culpable negligence by a legitimate business organisation and that is intended to benefit the business
      - scale and type of corporate crime
        
        white collar and corporate crimes do more harm than street crime
        
        Tombs - corporate crime has enormous costs: physical, environmental and economic
        
        types of corporate crimes
        
        financial crime
        
        crimes against consumers
        
        crimes against employees
        
        crimes against the environment
        
        state-corporate crime
        
        The abuse of trust
        
        Carrabine et al - we entrust people of power with responsibilities for our security, finances, health and personal information
    - - the media gives a limited coverage of corporate crimes
      - lack of political will to tackle corporate crime
      - the crimes are often complex and law enforcers are often understaffed
      - de-labelling
      - under-reporting
      - partially invisible? - since the financial crisis corporate crime has been made more visible
    - - strain theory
      - differential association
      - labelling theory
      - Marxism
- - - - deviant is someone to whom the label has been applied
      - role of moral entrepreneurs - moral crusades to change the law
      - new laws = creation of 'outsiders' and the creation and expansion of social control agencies
      - social control agencies - campaign for change to extend their powers
    - - Pilivan and Briar - arrests of youth depend mainly on appearances
      - Cicourel - officer's typifications lead them to arrest certain types of people (the negotiation of justice)
        
        law enforcement showing class bias - patrolling w/c areas more intensely and therefore resulting in more arrests which confirms the stereotype
        
        other agents of social control reinforced this bias
        
        justice is not fixed but negotiable eg. m/c youth less likely to be arrested than a w/c youth
        
        crime stats shud be used as topic rather than resource
  - - - primary deviance is deviant acts that have not been publicly labelled but it's pointless to seek the causes of primary deviance
      - secondary deviance is the result of societal reaction which leads to exclusion from society - the label becomes their master status
        
        master status leads to a crisis of self-concept = self-fulfilling prophecy - becoming what they are labelled = secondary deviance
      - eg. Young's study of drugs in Notting Hill
    - - attempt to control deviance leads to more deviance - escalating spiral
        
        more deviance = more reaction =stereotypes confirmed
      - folk devils are opposites of the dark figure of crime - overlabelled
    - - labelling theory has important policy implications - to
        reduce deviance we should make and enforce fewer laws
      - reintegrative shaming
  - - - whether something is labelled as a suicide or not etc.
      - suicide statistics are socially constructed - tell us more about the people who have constructed them than the people killing themselves
      - Atkinson: coroner's common sense knowledge
        
        assumptions that coroners make when reaching the verdicts 'typical suicide'
    - - Lemert - some people get excluded, secondary deviance, further exclusion, discussion on how to deal with person, confirmed suspicions, reaction justified his mental condition
      - Institutionalisation - Goffman 'mortification of the self', internalising their label
- - - - cultural goal of money success but lack of legitimate opportunities to achieve
        
        pressure to deviate = the strain to anomie
    - - conformity
      - innovation
      - ritualism
      - retreatism
      - rebellion
    - - takes official stats at face value - w/c phenomenon
      - ignores the power of ruling class
      - only accounts for utilitarian/acquisitional crime
  - - - not everyone is effectively socialised
      - diversity of lifestyles and values (develop subcultures)
      - modern society = anomie (weakened collective conscience)
    - - boundary maintenance - reinforces commitment to shared norms n values
        
        punishment = reaffirms shared rules + social solidarity
      - adaptation and change - challenge and change social norms for social change
      - safety valve eg. pornography and prostitution
      - warning that institution is not functioning properly
    - - no right amount of deviance
      - positive functions= not why crime exists in the first place
      - functional for whom?
  - - - unable to achieve status by legitimate means = status frustration
      - delinquent subculture inverts the values of mainstream society
      - subculture offers alternative status hierarchy -illegitimate opportunity structure
      - :no_entry: explains non-utilitarian crime BUT assumes w/c share m/c goals only to reject them when they fail
    - - unequal access to illegitimate opportunity structures
        
        different neighbourhoods provide different subcultures+ means to learn crime and create a crime career
        
        criminal subcultures
        
        conflict subcultures
        
        retreatist subcultures
      - :no_entry:
        
        criticims
        
        in reality people can belong to more than one subculture
        
        ignores crimes of the wealthy
        
        over predicts w/c crime