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Chemistry, C2 - Bonding Structures and Properties (Properties of…
Chemistry
C2 - Bonding Structures and Properties
Bonding
Metallic
Between two metals
The
positive
ions
are attracted to the
negative
delocalised
electrons
The delocalised electrons allow the metal to conduct electricity
They form a
regular structure
Covalent
Between two non-metals
The electrons are
shared
between the atoms
This means the bonds are very
strong
These can form small molecules, very large molecules, or giant covalent structures
Polymers
are examples of large covalent molecules
Diamond
or
sillicon dioxide
are giant covalent structures
Ionic
The electrons are transferred to another element to form charged particles or
ions
Elements on the left side of the periodic table (
non
-
metals
) form
positive
ions whereas elements on the right (
metals
) form
negative
ions.
Between a metal and a non-metal
Ionic Compounds
Ionic compounds are
giant lattice structures
They are held together by
very strong electrostatic forces of attraction between oppositely charged ions
Structure and Bonding of Carbon
Nanoparticles
Properties of Substances
States of Matter
Gases
Far apart, random arrangement, move quickly
Changes of state
The
amount of energy
needed to
change the state
depends on the
strength of the intermolecular forces
between the particles
The
temperature
of a substance
does not change
when
melting, boiling, or freezing
even though energy is being transferred
This is because the energy being supplied if being used to break the
intermolecular forces of attraction
Liquids
Close together, random arrangement, move around each other
Solids
Close together, regular pattern, vibrate on the spot
Properties of Ionic Compounds
They have regular structures called
giant ionic lattices
They have very
strong electrostatic forces of attraction
between the
oppositely charged ions
They have
high melting
and
boiling points
because of the strong forces of attraction
They can
conduct electricity
when
molten
or
dissolved in water
because
ions are free to move
Properties of Small molecules
They have
low melting
and
boiling points
as little energy is needed to overcome the weak forces of attraction
They
do not conduct electricity
They have
weak forces of attraction
Polymers
Polymers are
large covalent molecules
The
intermolecular forces
between molecules are very
strong
They are
long chains
of reactive molecules that have bonded together
They are linked together by
strong covalent bonds
They are
solid
at room temperature
Giant Covalent Structures
Properties of Metals and Alloys
Alloys
The
different sized
metal atoms distort the regular
layers
of the metal
This makes it more difficult for they layers to
slide over each other* so the metal becomes
harder**
Metals
Metals are
ductile
(can be drawn out into long wire) and
malleable
(can be hammered into shape)
They have a
regular
structure so the atoms sit in
layers
that can
slide
over each other
Delocalised electrons
allow the metal to
conduct electricity
and
heat