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GA- Politics 1877-1890 (Political stagnation (Critics (Godkin in the…

- - - - Great distane for his contempories in politics
  - - - New York where senaators such as Roscoe conkling dominated politics through the NY custom house
    - - main port that controlled commerce abd collected revenue
      - unequal opportunity for extortion at the center of the spoils system
      - employed 1,000 party workers
      - Undervalue imports then make the official discovery of their mistakes
        
        Law was if falsley declared the import was forefiet
        
        1/2 of the total went to the head of the Customs House
        
        importers often settled out of court with bribes
        
        1874 the metal importers phelps dodge and company paid a bribe of $50,000 to conkling
- - - - Protective tarriffs were at the center of gov inclusion
      - gov activism esp in economics
      - wanted to hasten asssimilation of immegrants ie use of English in local schools
    - - preffered Laissez faire
      - opposed tarriffs and protectionism
      - Solid support for southern segregation
      - Southeners still resented the republicans and the African Americans still supported them
- - - - determined to get rid of the spoils system
      - 1870's the civil service was made of incompitent and demoralising part hacks
      - opposed by a republican group called the Stalwarts led by Roscoe Conkling
      - Merit according to examination
      - Conkling fought him at every turn
        
        hayes appointed Schurz , a well know reformist to to be secretary of the interior
        
        Schurz also lead a special cabinet committe do draw up new rules for federal appointment
        
        Though legislation did not pass Hayes got the ball rolling
      - Could not convince congree to outlaw spoils sytem he forbade federal office holders from having to make contributions or take part in party politics
        
        Chester A Arthur refused to obey the Presidents orders and was sacked an replaced
    - - In order to make up for financial losses in the panic of 73 the major railroads cut the employees wages several times
      - Hayes was prepared to send troops if there was riots
      - He was revered for supporting business leaders and industry
    - - Born in 1822 in Ohio
      - Attended Harvard LAw
      - fought in Civil War
      - declined to seek re election in 1881
  - - - self taught scholar but found the presidency beyond him
      - Born 1831 ohio
    - - Submitted to the senate a list of appointments
        
        names Conklings arch rival William H Robertson to run the customs house
        
        Conkling contested it and appealed to the senate and the Republicans but Garfield would not submit
        
        Conkling and fellow senator resigned confident that the legislature would vindicate their stand and re elect them
        
        2 new men were elcted and the senate confiremed Robertson -GArfield had won
      - Believed the spoils system was damaging the presidency
      - Post Office
        
        April 1880 investigation into the corrupt post office
        
        rings stole millions of dollars employing bogus mail contracts called star routes
        
        Garfield enforced one of the leaders to resign-Brady and was indicted for conspiracy in 1883
    - - 2nd of July 1881 Garfield made his way through the stationat washington and was shot
      - Charles Guiteau an usucessful lawyer and insurance salesman who belived GArfield owed him patronage in the diplomatic corps and his presidency threated to destroy the republicans
      - One in arm and one in abdomen
      - 3 months later he died in September 1818
      - Not the bullet that killed him but efforts to save him
      - His death furthered the support for civil seruce reform
  - - - first law for the professional handeling of the civil service
      - Creation of the first civil service commision
        
        mertit sytem for promotion
        
        continuity for federal employees even if the white house changed parties
    - - excluded paupers criminals and mentally ill
      - Chinese Exclusion Act m
        
        madechinese immegration illegal for 20 yrs and amde the chinese permanent aliens
    - - Congress raised as many as it trimmed
      - Signed tarriff Act 1883 but only reduced tarriffs by 1.47 per cent
    - - Born 1829
      - Son of a Baptist preacher an immegrant from northern ireland
      - Practised law in NYC
  - - - one of the muddiest in US history
      - opponed Blaine was scorned due to charges of corruption involving railroad interest
        
        also susspected of anti-Roman Catholic Bias
        
        Used the fact Celeveland may have farthered an illegitimate child
      - Mugwumps unhappy with the amount of corruption defected from republican to democrats called goo-goos
        
        said they would support an honest democrat like cleveland
        
        Cleeland had a small margin of victory
    - - continued civil serice reform
        
        would not fire any republican doing his job well
        
        not appoint anyone on the basis of paty serice
        
        reduced the number of federal employees
        
        Later when federal democrats complained he did gie them periferal jobs
        
        Some of his decisions were based on partyconcerns but most based on merit
    - - face a republican dominated senate
      - Often used vetoing powers
        
        hundereds of private pension bills ie for American Civil war Verterens
        
        Pensions for disbilitys not from war
        
        1887 he vetoed the Texas seed bill
        
        After a drought hasd ruined crops in Texas
        
        congress appointed $10,000
    - - born 1837
      - notible for his single minded concentration on tasks
  - - - period was poor in purpose and barren in result
      - little but damaged reputations
    - - dud presidents : Grant a president of dsicredit;Hayes a president defied;Arthur a president dismissed; Cleveland a president denied; Harrison a president derided