CH 4
Speech Acts Theory
Characteristics: Speaker and listener sharing common feelings about people or places that are mentioned as well as common knowledge
Defintion: (Bach abd Harnish 1979) attempts to account for the different factors involved in human communication
Example: Successful communication depends on speakers and listeners sharing knowledge of references
Non-example: Not relying on common factors between the speaker and listener. Communication between one another with no commonalities
Pragmatics
Characteristics: there is a cooperative principle that listeners and speakers follow: Truth, information, relevance, and clarity
Defintion: the branch of linguistics that deals with norms of conversation
Example: A speaker and listener share a et of assumptions about how to carry a conversation. The speaker is communicating through Maxim of quantity--the speaker using informative language that is required for the current purposes of the exchange
Non-example: Not relying on Grice's four maxims that govern communication--the speaker speaking information that is not believed to be true. Communicating something that lacks adequate evidence.
International Phonetic Alphabet
Definition: Linguists use this to describe sounds and sound systems across languages
Characteristics: has symbols to represent all the sounds that have been found in human languages
Example: Each language use differeeints sets of phonemes to communicate ideas. One letter may represent different sounds, and one sound and may be represented by different letters or letter sequences.
Phonemic transcription: each phoneme is represented by one and only one written mark. Using the letters of the alphabet in a consistent way.
Blend
Defintion: The two consonant phonemes at the beginning and at the end are both pronounces and represented by separate phonemes
Characteristics: Letter blends appear in the beginning or at the end of words to create specific sounds.
Example: the word "blend" is transcribed as /blEnd/
Non-example: a word containing a digraph, such as "choice" because the "ch" represents the first phoneme and is transcribed differently than a blend
Allophones:
Definition: Each phoneme in English or any other language is actually a group of sounds, called phones. The phones that make up one phoneme are called its allophones.
Characteristics: The particular allophone that a speaker produces depends on the preceding or following sound. Phones of a phoneme are written in square brackets.
Example: When English speakers say, "Keep cool," they produce two allophones of /k/, one at the beginning of each word.
Non-example: Ignoring that various sounds that are spoken in a language and focusing on the meaning differences that phonemes signal. Connecting sounds with letters and ignoring physical variations among allophones of a phoneme