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((4th amendment:, What is it? The Fourth Amendment to the United States…
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What is it? The Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution is part of the Bill of Rights. It prohibits unreasonable searches and seizures.
he police may override your privacy concerns and conduct a search of you personal or business documents, bank account records, if:
the police have probable cause to believe they can find evidence that you committed a crime, and a judge issues a warrant,
2 court cases: • Terry v. Ohio (Stop-and-Frisk) (1968) The U.S. Supreme Court held that the Fourth Amendment prohibition on unreasonable searches and seizures is not violated when a police officer stops a suspect on the street and frisks him or her without probable cause to arrest, if the police officer has a reasonable suspicion that the person has committed, is committing, or is about to commit a crime and has a reasonable belief that the person "may be armed and presently dangerous.”
• United States v. Robinson (Search incident to arrest) (1973)
The U.S. Supreme Court held that "in the case of a lawful custodial arrest a full search of the person is not only an exception to the warrant requirement of the Fourth Amendment, but is also a reasonable search under that Amendment."
1st amendement :
5 protected freedoms: Freedom of Religion Freedom of Speech Freedom of the Press
Freedom to Assemble Peaceably
Freedom to Petition the Government for a Redress of Grievances.
Limitations: Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances :
Two court cases: Schenck v. United States (1919) Freedom of speech can be limited during wartime
In Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) the Court upheld a Louisiana law requiring restaurants, hotels, hospitals, and other public places to serve African Americans in separate, but ostensibly equal, accommodations.
2nd amendment:
What is it? The Second Amendment to the United States Constitution protects the right of the people to keep and bear arms
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2 court cases: U.S. v. Cruikshank, 1876 This case was one of the first decided by the Court involving the Second Amendment. It stemmed from the Colfax Massacre in 1873, during which armed white men killed more than 100 black men.
U.S. v. Miller, 1939 In this oft-cited case, two Arkansas men claimed the National Firearms Act violated their right to keep and bear arms. They were transporting a sawed-off double barrel shotgun across the state lines when they were arrested.
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What is it? The Third Amendment to the United States Constitution places restrictions on the quartering of soldiers in private homes without the owner's consent, forbidding the practice in peacetime
5th amendment:
5 parts/ EXPLAINED: The Fifth Amendment creates a number of rights relevant to both criminal and civil legal proceedings. In criminal cases, the Fifth Amendment guarantees the right to a grand jury, forbids “double jeopardy,” and protects against self-incrimination.
In Miranda v. Arizona (1966), the Supreme Court ruled that detained criminal suspects, prior to police questioning, must be informed of their constitutional right to an attorney and against self-incrimination.
6th amendment:
Two court cases: Gideon v. Wainwright, 372 U.S. 335In it, the Supreme Court unanimously ruled that states are required under the Sixth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution to provide an attorney to defendants in criminal cases who are unable to afford their own attorneys. Carey v. Musladin,
A defendant in a murder trial is not deprived of his Sixth Amendment right to an impartial jury if courtroom spectators wear buttons showing a picture of the deceased.
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The Sixth Amendment guarantees the rights of criminal defendants, including the right to a public trial without unnecessary delay, the right to a lawyer, the right to an impartial jury, and the right to know who your accusers are and the nature of the charges and evidence against you.
8th amendment:
The Cruel and Unusual Punishments Clause is the most important and controversial part of the Eighth Amendment.
Cases: Gregg v. Georgia (1976) reached the Court. Troy Gregg had been found guilty of murder and armed robbery and sentenced to death. He asked the Court to go further than it had in the Furman case, and rule the death penalty itself unconstitutional.
9th amendment:
The enumeration in the Constitution, of certain rights, shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people.
Row vs. Wadein 1973 by the United States Supreme Court on the issue of the constitutionality of laws that criminalized or restricted access to abortions.
10th amendment:
The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people.
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7th amendment: This amendment codifies the right to a jury trial in certain civil cases and inhibits courts from overturning a jury's findings of fact.