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Colonialism: A Eurocentric process of violent domination occurs by which…
Colonialism: A Eurocentric process of violent domination occurs by which there is a system of hierarchies implemented that determine the rule of law and have access to all resources.
-This concept invites exploitation of non-elites (in this context that is referring to everyone except the cis-gendered white male.)
The debate on when colonialism was first initiated is still up for debate but its safe to date this concept back to the 15th century (Lecture).
Intersectionality: when you are oppressed from two different angles in your life (usually a minority of sorts); can be but is not limited to your social or economic status, the color of your skin, or the gender you choose to identify with or not. Based on the individual's personal experience and different aspects that intertwine, it is safe to say you can never assume what someone has been through or what social groups they identify with. Not everyone is granted privilege, so you ought to learn your place in society and use these different aspects as positives in order to help a greater cause than yourself.
Racial Inferiorization: White people have had a history of making 'others' in particular blacks feel less then and leave a tainted stigma on the value of black people in a society. This inferiority creates anger ultimately and because of the power dynamics one group is going to have to lose.
The matrix of domination: The matrix of domination refers to how these intersecting oppressions are actually organized; which is in two different categories: Racial Inferiorization and Gender Subordination.
Gender Binaries: The idea that there are only two genders in which you identify. Being attached to gender also means you have behaviors that society pressures you ought to fulfill or else you do not fit in with social norms. These present themselves in ways we know as femininity or masculinity. The problem here is placing people in boxes and confining them to this one space when people are much more than their genders.
Social Caste: Different systematic levels that determine how many resources you have access to. This is usually determined by the landed elites of the state and most of the time if you do not have money you do not have access; so most resources are denied when it comes to the lower class.
Gender Subordination: This is the idea that a man is 'less than' a woman in whatever way one interprets that. It is a greatly debated subject but I leave this on the map here because I think your experiences as a man are vastly different than that of a girls. Each are raised different with different expectations of the world. So for someone who is a black woman experiencing life, they most likely view life very different from someone who is a white female living day to day.
The Legacy of the White Male: This is a widespread concept as a result of colonialism and the move toward a western globalized society.
The problem with this white male legacy is that they seem to think they are superior to others based on the color of his skin. this legacy is reproduced in our everyday culture. Even in Santa Cruz, I notice the entitlement of the white male and the lack of ability to act any other way. It is important to note I do not claim this is every male in society.
Social Norms- These are a set of ideas and rules that become considered social normality and for anyone who does not fit in this realm is otherwise known as the 'other.' These social norms were written by white men for white men and so the norms here are skewed in favor of the white male experience.
Coloniality of Power- The dominant patriarchal system of values established for the purposes of colonialism. I agree with Lugones' claim that the colonial gender system has intertwined with the coloniality of power and have persisted/shaped today. (Lugones, 2008)
Coloniality of Gender - A Process that distributes gender roles organized around hierarchies and relations (to each other) necessary to the functioning of colonialism/modernity/capitalism" (Lugones, 2008) The desire to be masculine, tough, and powerful runs through most white males veins because of their need to fulfill the gendered expectations. Gender has been identified as a western tool used for domination that designates two binarily opposed and hierarchical social categories. (Oyèèróónkèẹó Oyèèwùèmíó, 1997)
Capitalism: A type of power used as a result of colonialism. "A key trait of capitalism is the shaping of knowledge and determination of what kind of knowledge is considered valid and worth accepting" (Lugnoes, 2008). Often times capitalism is reproduced by the white elite dictating the economic, political, and social outcomes. Goldman also argues that domination and colonialism are what made capitalism flourish. (Goldman,1911).
The Reproduction of Knowledge- We ought to bring to question who are the ones sharing this knowledge we know and who is absorbing and believing this knowledge. I wonder what an example of a space that reproduces 'valid knowledge' as claimed by Lugones would look like.
Western Hegemony:
- A hierarchical based system that allows the Western or 'white male elites' who colonized the land to write and determine our social norms and laws for future generations.
- This concept also challenges the main ideas of race, gender, and class.
- The transition from 'colonialism' to 'postcolonialism' I think involves the legacy of western hegemonic principles and these ideas are what reproduces systematic struggles in our daily society.
Modernity-- “The fusing of the experiences of colonialism and coloniality with the necessities of capitalism, creating a specific universe of intersubjective relations of domination under a Eurocentric hegemony” (Quijano, 2000)
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Sexual Exploitation: Women often fall, victims of sexual exploitation, as women are the ones who are supple and are subordinate to the men who desire them. In a more literal sense, the sexual nature of colonization can be dated back to Columbus’ depiction of the earth as “woman’s breasts” which evoked the “long tradition of male travel as an erotics of ravishment”. As also seen in Anne McClintock's analysis of Henry Haggard's map of the Solomon Mines. It is a clear representation of a woman with large breasts and fluid flowing through her and a place for the male to dominate the land. This sexualized perspective of the map puts all maps into a new light for me.
Western Industrial Modernization: A main result of colonialism. A reproduction of knowledge that favors the elites in this Eurocentric based system.
Imperialism: McClintock argues that imperialism emerged as a contradictory and ambiguous project, shaped mainly by tensions within metropolitan policy and conflicts within colonial administrations (McClontock, 1995). Gayatri Spivak refers to this concept as well when she describes imperialism as resulting in planned epistemic violence (Spivak). This could be widely debated considering if you talk to the white male you will hear a different experience than that of the violated and the oppressed.
The Invention of Race: Since western modernization, there has been this sense of 'otherness' that blurs people's vision when someone has a different skin color. This idea of race was a way to socially dominate those of color and make them inferior to the white male. The invention of “race” replaces the relations of superiority and inferiority established through domination by economic means.
Discrimination: to deny someone or a group access to basic needs based on a subjective feature such as skin color. Example where discrimination occurs systematically might include but is not limited to housing, a job, money, or simple health and well-being
Normative approach on discrimination: To deny both the unique compoundedness of the minorities situation and the centrality of their experiences to the larger classes of women and Blacks.
This is idea was introduced in Anne McClintock's novel, Imperial Leather.
Oppression: is usually a minority victim over time building a grudge over a legacy of western imperialism. Being oppressed by a majority who is power hungry and sometimes can become violent. Intersectionality plays into oppression as it helps to point out that oppression cannot be reduced to one fundamental type, and that oppressions work together in producing injustice according to McClintock.
Colonial Regime: The type of rules and norms that get chosen as a result of colonization. This involves a governmental institution that keeps society in order. With this regime comes the transition to industrialization and globalization and the 'post' in postcolonialism becomes the new stage of progress.
Post-colonialism: This is the 'aftermath' of colonialism and the place where the western countries moved towards the implementation of political and economic institutions with a hierarchical organization. The word 'post' should not be used to imply there is a political event that has come to an end but rather it represents the transition after the initial colonial invasion and the move forward into industiralization.
Decolonization: A voluntary or forceful process by which you extract the colonial or imperial rule from a Providence or country. This process can happen at the individual level as well as at the global level and in different ways. At a local level, this might look like communities starting to deconstruct the idea of only two genders by using pronouns such as they/them.