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Organic Chemistry 1 (Functional groups (Aldehydes (Ethanol (Cinnamon…
Organic Chemistry 1
Functional groups
Aldehydes
Ethanol (Cinnamon Rolls)
Ketones
Propanone (acetone)
Amines
Methylamine, derivado del amoniaco
Carboxylic acids
Polymers, pharmaceuticals, solvants, food additives
Ether
Dimethyl ether, analgesics, adhesivos, solvent
Esters
Grasas, glicerina, ácidos grasos
Alcohols
Methanol
Amides
Structural materials
Alkyl halides
Chloroform
Acyl halides
Hazards sometimes volatile or hazards
Aromatic
Benzene, considered hidrocarbons
Alkynes
Ethyne, welding and creating plastics
Alkenes
Useful to make plastics. Ethene, mango peel
Alkanes
Ethane octane, explosive, flammable
Carbon Characteristics
Catentation
Is the linkage of atoms of the same element into longer chains
Covalent bonding
Allotropy
Property of chemical elements to exist in two or more different forms or arrengements.
Graphite
black, soft, conducts electricity, hexagonal
Graphine
Diamond
Tetrahedrical structure, hardest natural material
Amorphous
charcoal extracted from mines, shapeless carbon
Fullerenes
trap pollutants, balls, different amount of atoms soluble in non polar
Hybridization of carbon
Theory of hybridization
Electronic configuration of carbon doesn't explain the different bonds that carbon can make, therefore we use the theory of hybridization.
Hybridized state
sp2
3 hybridized orbitals, 2 single 1 double bond, 3 sigma 1 pi, trigonal, 120º
sp
2 hybridized orbitals, 1 single 1 triple bonds or 2 single 2 dounle bonds, 2 sigma 2 pi, lineal, 180º
sp3
4 hybridized orbitals, single sigma bonds, tetrahedral, 109.5º
Hybrid orbitals
Is an orbital formed by the combination of two or more atomic orbitals.
Carbon needs 4 bonds (o 2, n 3, h 1)
Types of carbon
Secondary
With 2 hydrogens and 2 radicals (more reactive)
Tertiary
1 hydrogen and 3 radicals (less reactive)
Primary
With 3 hydrogens and 1 radical (most reactive)
Quternary
4 radicals (doesn't react)
Solubility
Oxygen, Nitrogen or Halogens are considered polar until 5 carbons
More carbons = lower solubility
Hidrocarbons are non polar
Solubility can be partial
More branches = more solubility in H2O (polar)
Hydrosoluble = Soluble in water / Liposoluble = Soluble in fats
Formulas
Fully displayed formula
Shows all the carbons, hydrogens, and bonds
Balls and sticks formula
3D, with colors
Skeletal formula
Doesn't show the carbons nor hydrogens
Semi displayed formula
Shows all the carbons but doesn't show all the bonds with hydrogens, ex.: CH3 instead of C-H,-H, -H
Clasification of organic compounds by structure
b)
Saturated
Just hybrid, only single bonds.
Unsaturated
WIth double or triple bonds.
c)
Homo
The molecule only has carbon and hydrogen atoms.
Hetero
The molecule has other atoms besides carbon and hydrogen.
a)
Acyclic
It doesn't close.
Cyclic
At least of 3 carbons that close together as a cycle.
d)
Branched
There are atoms out of the main chain (hydrogens don't count).
Straight
There are no atoms out of the main chain.
Physical Properties of Organic Compounds
Molecular Mass
Number of carbons in the molecule.
Structure
Cyclic, saturation, branches
Intermolecular Forces
Forces of attraction or repulsion btw molecules.
Polarity
Electronegative atoms in one part of the molecule.
Boiling Points of the Different Families
No hydrogen bonds
Alkenes
Alkanes
Alkynes
Irregulars
Aromatic
Acyl halides
Alkyl halides
Hydrogen bonds
Aldehydes
Ketones
Esters
Ethers
Amines
Alcohols
Carboxylic acids
AMIDE
Organic compounds
Made of C and H
Covalent bonds
Low boiling and melting points
High flammability
Soluble in nonpolar
Electricity isolators
Inorganic compounds
Ionic bonds
Low flammability
high melting and boiling points
Soluble in polar
Conduct electricity
Nomenclature
General Rules
Identify the names of the groups attached to the main chain (methyl, bromo, etc)
Designate the location of each substituent group
Number the chain starting at the end nearest an attached group (functions, branches or saturions (follow priority groups)
Assemble the name listingngroups in alphabetical order (do not consider prefixes di tri tetra etc in alphebatizing)
Find and name the parent chain (main chain)
Priority rules
Double bonds have priority
If a function is on the molecule, that chain will be parental, no matter the number of carbons
Halogens and branches are only organized by abc
Substituents of the substituents is a method fot naming branches bigger than 4 carbons or with functions
3 parts of the name
Substituents name
Base
Number of carbons in the main chain
Ending
Indicate the saturation and the priodity functional group of the molecule
Alkyls
Meth, eth, prop, but, pent, hex, hept, oct, nona, dec
Iso= symetry
Sec and tert
Functional groups
Priorital function
Substituents
More carbons = Higher boiling points
More hydrigen bonds = Higher boiling point
More branches = lower boiling points
M + NM = ionic
NM + NM = covalent
F O N can also make hydrogen bonds like hydrogen