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:desktop_computer:Hardware and operating systems :desktop_computer:…
:desktop_computer:
Hardware and operating
systems
:desktop_computer:
COMPUTER LANGUAGE AND FUNCTION
Computers only use the numbers 0 and 1 this is known as the binary system
Computer functions
-Hardware:
for the physical components of the computer like the mouse
-Software (or progams)
: refer to data and the instructions we use to managed that data
Four different functions
:
Input
of data using peripheral devices.
Output
of data using peripheral devices
Storing
data in the storage devices
Processing
data in the central processing unit (CPU), using the microprocessor and the memory
COMPUTER SYSTEM
Microprocessor
-The clock rate sets the pace at which processes are completed. The clock continuously generates electrical impulses
-Today's microprocessors can process 64 bits at a time
-A microprocessor's power also depends on its cache memory and the speed at which it communicates with the RAM
Memory and units of storage
RAM
The computer's main memory is its RAM. When we run an application, its instructions and data are copied to this memory so that the microprocessor can use them because accessing the hard disk is very slow but we must save our work there.
Cache memory
RAM cannot work at the same speed as the microprocessor, so a much faster memory is installed between the RAM and the microprocessor: the cache memory
ROM BIOS
The initial check is carried out using instructions stored in a special read-only memory: the ROM BIOS
Storaged devices
Magnetic disks
Hard disks are the most common magnetic storage units
The store bits by positioning millions of tiny magnets in 0 and 1
To access a piece of data, the disk spins around until the read head is above the area where the piece is stored
External hard disks are very useful
Optical discs
They store data in series of grooves on the disc surface
The disc drive emits a laser onto the disc and reflects off the flat areas
The light signal is reflected to an optical sensor
Blu-ray uses a special blue laser that allows us to store much more information
Flash
These devices store information using transistors acting as switches. They can be opened or closed
Solid-state memory devices include memory sticks which we connect to the computer through an USB port
:minidisc:
Motherboard and connecting devices
In the motherboard all the components are connected to it
Components
:
Slots that can be used to expand or add new components. They can be PCI or PCI-Express
The IDE or ATA and SATA connectors connect the hard disk, CD drive and DVD drive to the motherboard
The chipset is a number of integrated circuits designed to perfom related functions
Various input / output ports
Connecting external devices
Using a expansion slot on the motherboard
By special connectors on the motherboard
Using external ports on the side or back of the computer
Software and operating systems
Operating system manages the system resources, making them available for use by the user and the applications
Applications:
-Word processors
-Spreadsheets
-Presentations
-Database management tools
-Drawing progams
The operating system is the first thing that appears when you turn on your computer and the last thing too. Different computers can have types of software but they all need an operating system. The most used are Windows, Linux and Mac OS.
When we open an application the following process takes place:
1) The operating system finds the application on the hard disk, sends a copy to the RAM and loads it onto the screen.
2)The progam is now the actice application. It receives data from the keyboard and sends instructions to the microproccesors through the operating system
3) When we save the document, the operating system looks for free space on the hard disk and transfers the data from the memory to that space.
4) To print, click
IMPRIMIR
, and the word processor will send the command to the operating system, which sends the appropriate signals to the printer
5) When we close the word processor, the operating system deletes the application from the memory, though not from the hard disk
WINDOWS OPERATING SYSTEM
Installing und uninstalling
Nowadays, more people are buying all sorts of programs on the Internet.
We can install using installation wizards that guides us throught the process
Hard disk maintenance
Cleaning the hard disk
: Over time, your computer accumulates unnecesary progams and files. You can use
LIBERADOR DE ESPACIO EN EL DISCO
to clean it
Defragmenting the hard disk
: The hard disk stores files in small blocks over time they can dispersed , the defragmenter puts these blocks in order
Detecting and repairing errors
: It's important to check the hard disk occasionally. We can check for errors by right-clicking on the hard disk and selecting
PROPIEDADES
and click on the
HERRAMIENTAS
tab to see the tools you can use.
Saving power
It's especially important to select the right options for laptops to do this click on
PANEL DE CONTROL
---->
OPCIONES DE ENERGIA
System updates
Operating systems are constantly being update . There're 2 ways:
-Through
INICIO
---->
PROGRAMAS
---->
WINDOWS UPDATE
-By activating the automatic updates tool.
ACTUALIZACIONES AUTOMATICAS
-via-
INICIO
--->
PANEL DE CONTROL
--->
RENDIMIENTO Y MANTENIMIENTO
--->
SISTEMA
LINUX OPERATING SYSTEM
Installing and uninstalling programs
: Linux uses 2 package managers to help us
1)
AÑADIR Y QUITAR
in the
APLICACIONES
menu. This is the easiest way
To install
-Go to the
APLICACIONES
menu and select
AÑADIR Y QUITAR
. The
AÑADIR Y QUITAR APLICACIONES
window will appear.
-Select the progam you want
-Click on
APLICAR CAMBIOS
to apply the changes
-Confirm the installation by
APLICAR
2)
Synaptic package management program
To open it , select
SISTEMA
--->
ADMINISTRACIÓN
. This gives you more control
How to keep your system up to date
-Open the
GESTOR DE ACTUALIZACIONES
---> through
SISTEMA
--->
ADMINISTRACIÓN
-Click on
COMPROBAR
. A list of recommended updates will appear click on
INSTALAR ACTUALIZACIONES
to install the selected updates.
Computer networks
-Local area networks or LANs
-Metropolitan area networks, made up of several LANs
-Wide area networks, covering a country or continent
Elements in a network
-Each computer needs an adaptor or network card to send information to the other computers and receive information back.
-The hub distributes all of the information it receives between the other computers network.
It can be replaced by a switch, which sends the data it receives only to the recipent.
This information travels down a transmission medium, normally an RJ45 connector or coaxial or fibre optic cables
Wireless networks
They use electromagnetic waves to transmite data. All computers need a wireless network card.
Shared Internet access
-Using Internet Connection Sharing, where all communication is through one computer that must be switched on all time.
-Using a router, which detects data and directs it to and from the Internet.
Sharing resources in Windows
Sharing printer
Sharing files and folfers
Sharing a folder
Acessing a shared folder
Sharing resources in Linux
Sharing a computer
Sharing a printer
Sharing folders
