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Neuroanatomy and Physiology (Abnormal Muscle Movement Due to Damage to…
Neuroanatomy and Physiology
Neuroplasticity
Brain's ability to reorganze funtions after injury
Greater flexibility in younger brains
Sections of Brain
Sagittal - divides left and right sides at midline or on one side
Coronal - divides front and back
Horizontal - divides top and bottom
Transverse - direction of incision
Directional Brain Orientation
Rostral - toward nostril
Caudal - towards back of skull/neck
Dorsal - towards back
Ventral - towards bottom
Anatomical Planes
Horizontal (transverse) - divides upper and lower body
Frontal (coronal) - divides front and back
Median (mid-saggital) - divides left and right
Directional terms
Anterior (Ventral) - to the front
Posterior (dorsal) - to the back
Superior - upper
Inferior - lower
Limb Movements
Flexion (saggital) - decreasing angle between joints
Extension (saggital) - increasing angle between joints
Abduction (frontal) - movement of body part away from midline
Adduction (frontal) - movement of body part toward midline
Pronation (transverse) - palm down movement of forearm and hand
Supination (transverse) - palm up movement of forearm and hand
Abnormal Muscle Movement Due to
Damage to Basal Ganglia
Akinesia - loss of voluntary muscle movement
Bradykinesia - slow movements
Dyskinesia - involuntary muscle movements; Tardive Dyskinesia - side effect of antipsychotics causing jerking of face and neck muscles
Tics - repetitive involuntary motor movement or vocalization
Myoclonus - sudden jerking of one muscle group
Tremor - involuntary trembling or shaking movements
Dystonia - involuntary muscle contractions
Muscle Types
Cardiac - involuntary, striated heart muscle
Skeletal
Smooth - internal organs; involuntary
Paralysis
(total loss of movement);
Peresis
(partial loss)
Monoplegia - one limb, usually arm
Hemiplegia - one side of body
Triplegia - three limbs; usually both arms, 1 leg
Quadriplegia - four limbs
Paraplegia - both legs
Diplegia - four limbs involved; legs more severely than arms
Peripheral Nervous System
Cranial and Spinal Nerves
Central Nervous System
Brain: Cerebrum, Brainstem, Cerebellum
Spinal Cord
Symptoms
Chronic, Transient, or Persistent
Static/stationary
Acute
Negative (impaired state) and Positive (behaviors that confirm presence of disease)
Brain Structures
Gyrus (convolution)
Sulcus (fissure)
Operculum (borders outside of gyri)
