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Ch 4 Growth and Division of Cell (Division Phase of the Cell Cycle…

- - - - genes=polymer of nucleotides
      - unique sequence of nucleotides
      - 30,000 types of genes
      - genome
        
        entire complex of genes
      - genes form chromosomes
        
        plants=5-30 chromosomes
        
        each half of chromosome=chromatid
        
        after S, 2 identical chromatids
    - - 80% of maturing plants
      - DNA replicates but does not divide
  - - - process for chromosomes splitting apart
- - - - genes copies
      - genes are seperated
      - genes packed into own nucleus
    - - chromosomes condense
        
        coil repeatedly
        
        chromosomes become visible
      - nucleolus disappears
      - spindles form
    - - chromosomes move to center of cell
        
        "Metaphase Plate"
      - chromosomes split through separase
    - - begins just after cohesin
      - chromatids start to move to opposite poles of cell
    - - Chromosomes at opposite poles of cell
      - nucleolus forms around chromosomes
      - new cell forms
  - - - short microtubules aligned parallel to spindle microtubules
      - grows outward towards wall of cell
    - - phargmoplast
      - vesicle
      - walls
  - - - sex cells
    - - grows into new adult
  - - - everything that happens in mitosis
      - Divided into 5 stages
        
        leptotene
        
        chromosomes condense
        
        zygotene
        
        two sets of chromosomes
        
        pachytene
        
        condensed chromosomes become shorter and thicker
        
        diplotene
        
        chromosomes begin to move apart but not separate completely
        
        5.diakinesis
        
        homologs continue to separate
      - most complicated stage of meiosis
    - - metaphase plate forms
    - - homologous chromosomes separate and head to opposite poles
      - centromeres do not divide
    - - chromosomes are still doubled
      - still in G2 state
      - starts into Meiosis II
  - - - prepares nucleus for division
    - - short
      - centromeres divide
      - like metaphase in mitosis
    - - separates chromosomes from replicas
    - - new nuclei are formed
  - - - division of nucleus
    - - division of cytoplasm
        
        mitosis
        
        meiosis
- - - - intranuclear spindles
      - extranuclear spindles
  - - - phragmoplast forms
      - dictyosome vesicles cell plate
      - grows until meets parental cell wall
    - - microtubules parallel to new cell and involved in wall formation