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1st line of defense (Skin, Mucous Membranes, Epithelial cells: secrete…
1st line of defense
Skin
Mucous Membranes
Epithelial cells: secrete antimicrobial enzymes
2nd line of defense (non specific)
Innate inflammation
Cells: Granulocytes, agranulocytes, lymphocytes, endothelial cells, platelets
Neutrophils:
60-70% WBC First responders, acute infection, short life, pus cells, release chemical mediators.
Lymphocytes
Natural killer cells
only lymphocyte to participate in innate immune response.
Primary defense against abnormal cells
Eosinophils
: 2-3% WBC. line inner wall of BV. phagocytes. Allergic reactions, parasite infection, inflammation
Basophils
: <1% of WBC. Allergic reactions.
histamine
vasoactive agents
Granules with allergic immune reaction (IgE)
Mast cells: Most Important Cell
Phagocytes
: synthesize cytokines, platelet aggregating factors (PAF)
Has
granules released in Allergic/atopic immune reaction
Non atopic reaction
(cold, exercise)
stimulates inflammation response
,
histamine
Made in bone marrow, circulates in blood, then matures when in tissue
In connective tissue next to blood vessels. Activated, moves to site.
Degranulation
Chemotactic factors
(chemokines)
Neutrophil chemotactic factor
eosinophil chemotactic factor
Histamine (vascular effects)
Cytokines (inflammation)
TNF
and i
nterferon
Synthesis
Phospholipase A2
Arachidonic acid
Cyclooxygenase
prostaglandins
(^ vascular permeability, vasodilation, bronchoconstriction,
induce pain
, neutrophil chemotaxis
5-lipoxygenase
Leukotrienes
(^ vascular permeability, smooth muscle contraction, bronchoconstriction, neutron and eosin chemotaxis,
act later/last longer than histamine)
platelet activating factor
(induce clotting, platelet aggregation, wbc aggregation and migration, endothelial cells, vascular permeability)
Macrophages
: matured monocyte, in lymph nodes, lymph tissue, spleen, lung. Largest leukocyte. Life span 3-4 times longer than leukocyte
secrete cytokines
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)
Induce fever
causes cell death
responds to gram negative bacteria, virus infected cells, cancer cells
Inteferon
Intefere with viral binding and replication
inhibit cancer proliferation
Interleukins (IL)
induce fever
Activate vascular endothelial cells
stimulate bone marrow cell development
call lymphocyte and WBCs into action
Colony stimulating factor (CSF)
RBCs
WBCs
Platelets
Chemokines
phagocytosis
co-stimulators for T cells, B cells, innate immune cells
Antigen presenters
Antibodies
microbe
complement
cytokine
selectin and integrin
Pathogen associated molecular pattern
Endothelial
Platelets
: Clotters, secrete mediators
Dendritic cells
Phagocytes. Under epithelial tissue. Antigen presenting cells. Activate T and B Cells
Secretes
Cytokines
Activates
Helper T cells
B Cells
Pathogen associated molecular pattern
Manifestations
systemic
increase in circulating plasma protein
Septic shock
leukocytosis
fever
Local
calor
dolor
tumor
loss of function
rubor
Acute inflammation
1st phase
Vasodilation
Capillary permeability
2nd stage
WBCs travel to injured tissue
Phagocytosis
Exudate forms
Acute phase response
Leukocytosis: increased WBC
CRP
SAA
Fibrinogen
Increased HR, anorexia, somnolence, malaise
Abcess
Repair
Minor injury: back to normal
Replace destroyed tissue, debridement (macrophages), fill in wound, cover, seal, shrink wound
Chronic inflammaion
Dense lymphocytes and macrophages
Granuloma
Repair
infection abcess and granuloma
Replace destroyed tissue, debridement (macrophages), fill in wound, cover, seal, shrink wound
Complement system
destroy pathogens
C3 and C5 proteins
Mast cells
Phagocyte recruit
Coagulation (Clotting) system
Platelet Activating Factor (PAF)
Extrinsic pathway
Intrinsic pathway
Fibrin
Kinin system
Bradykinin
3rd line of defense (specific)
Lymphocytes
T cells:
Mature in Thymus
cell mediated immunity
CD4
Helper T
cytokines
Interleukin
TNF
activate b cells (differentiate and proliferate)
cytotoxic T cells
Recognize specific antigen peptide fragments bound to major histocompatibility complex molecule (MHC)
Regulatory T
CD8
Cytotoxic cells
B Cells
: Mature in bone marrow
make antibodies (immunoglobins)
differentiate into plasma and memory
Plasma (secrete antibody extracellularly into bloodstream.
Memory Cells
Natural Killer (NK) Cells
: Mature in bone marrow