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Coastal Landscapes in the UK 2 (Transportation (Longshore drift: the…
Coastal Landscapes in the UK 2
Methods of hard and soft engineering
hard engineering
gabions, sea wall and rock armour
soft engineering
dune regeneration, managed retreat and beach replenishment
Transportation
Longshore drift: the prevailing wind meets the beach at an angle, so the swash moves up the beach at that same angle, the backwash moves at a right angle to the beach, moving sediment along.
Saltation - small rocks are bounced along the sea bed.
Suspension - small particles are suspended in the flow of the water.
Traction - large boulders are dragged along the sea bed by the current.
Solution - when minerals in rocks like chalk and limestone are dissolved in seawater and then carried in solution.
Depositional Landforms
bars
formed when a spit joins two headlands together, a lagoon forms behind it
tombolos
a bar/spit that connects the shore to an island
spits
longshore drift deposits sand and shingle in the sea so a beach juts out
Deposition
Sediment is put down/dropped.
Why does it happen?
waves start to slow down, so lose energy
the water is shallow
sheltered areas
little/no wind
or when there is a prevailing wind at an angle, causing longshore drift
Costs and benefits of hard and soft engineering
soft engineering
coastal management that works with nature
eg. dune regeneration
large sand dunes act as a barrier, grass planted to stabilize dunes and fences
cheap, maintains natural environment, aesthetically pleasing = tourists
time consuming, easily damaged by storms
costs around £200-2000 per 100m
hard engineering
the use of technology and man-made things
eg. gabions
wire cages filled with rocks to support cliffs or provide a buffer for the sea
costs £50,000 per 100m
cheap, flexible, merges into landscape, improves drainage
unattractive to begin with, rust after 5-10 years
Coastal Managment - Holderness
Hard engineering used
61 tons of rock armour
£6.6 million spent on rock armour
rock groynes
Why?
strong prevailing winds
clay cliffs
Effects of erosion
Homes on the cliffs were colllapsing
Gas terminal at Easington at risk, which supplies 25% of the UK's gas
caravan park at Great Cowden started to erode
increased erosion south of Mappleton but less actually in Mappleton
loss of land
loss of habitat on Spurn head
OS Maps
On an OS map each grid square is 1 km x 1 km or 1 sq km.
When you give a grid reference, always give the easting first: "Along the corridor and up the stairs".
