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Photosynthesis (Environmental and Internal Factors (C4 Metabolism (PEP…
Photosynthesis
Environmental and Internal Factors
Light
three properties
quality
quality of sunlight
colors or wavelengths
quantity
quantity of light
light intensity or brightness
duration
the duration of sunlight
hours of light in a day
Leaf Structure
aborbs carbon dioxide
leaf cells
packed together
water loss reduced
Water
amount affects photosynthesis
stromata open during day
no entry of carbon dioxide
water loss
stromata closed at night
retains water
C4 Metabolism
water use efficiency
water loss for each carbon dioxide
photorespiration
energy wasting process
phosphoglycolate broken down
two molecules of CO2
RuBP carboxylase
CO2 is high
oxygen concentration is low
PEP carboxylase
mesopyll cells
high affinity for CO2
as CO2 drops
PEP binds faster
Crassulacean Acid Metabolism
second metabolic adaption
improves conservation of water
Concepts
living organisms
highly ordered systems
prokaryotes
protists
fungi
plants
animals
physical laws
decrease in entropy
using energy
into living system
Photoautotrophs
gather energy from light
assimilate small inorganic molecules
photoautotrophic
chlorophyll leaves
stems
Heterotrophs
take in orgainc molecules
respire them
animals
parasitic plants
fungi
prokaryotes
can use as construction material
heterotrophic
roots
wood
flowers
survive on carbohydrates
Energy and reducing power
Energy Carriers
photosynthesis
light to chemical energy
energized pigments
only two chemical reactions
large molecules
not very mobile
too energetic
react with everything
ATP
tiny fraction
plant body
molecule recycled
ATP converted to ADP
by metabolic reactions
ADP
Photophosphorylation
light energy
nonchlorophyllous plant tissues
cannot perform photophosphorylation
lack necessary pigments
occurs only in chloroplasts
substrate-level phosphorylation
high-energy phospate groups
force phosphate
onto ADP
make ATP
oxidative phosphorylation
last stage of respiration
occurs in distinct site
captures energy
Reducing Power
earth's atmosphere
21% oxygen
compounds
found in oxidized form
oxidized
atom can't carry
many electrons
oxidation state
covalent bonds
contain oxygen
reduced
addition of atom
oxidation reaction
increases positive charge
reduction reaction
reduces positive charge
contain hydrogen
oxidizing agents
oxidize material
reducing agents
place electrons on molecules
redox potential
accept or donate electrons
Other Electron Carriers
Cytochromes
small proteins
contain cofactor
holds iron atom
intrinsic membrane proteins
chloroplast's thylakoid membranes
cannot be remmoved
without destroying membrane
Plastoquinones
transport electrons
short distances
pick up two electrons
bind two protons
long hydrocarbon tail
hydrophobic
dissolve in lipid component
Plastocyanin
small protein
carries electrons
on metal atom
copper
loosely associated
with chloroplast
move short distance
doesn't travel far
Photosynthesis
The Light-Dependent Reaction
nature of light
small segment
electromagnetic radiation spectrum
encompasses
gamma rays
x-rays
ultraviolet light
infrared light
microwaves
radio waves
quanta
set of particles
photons
set of waves
nature of pigments
most materials
absorb certain wavelengths
pigment
material that has distinctive color
photosynthetic
transfer absorbed light
The Stroma Reactions
anabolism
constructive metabolism
consists of anabolic reactions
anabolic pathways
pathways of polysaccharides
storage forms
of energy and carbon
Anabolic Metabolism
types of storages
short term
ATP and NADPH
used within the cell
intermediate-term
store large quantities
monosaccharides or disaccharides
long-term
starch
too large to be transported
does not absorb water