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Photosynthesis (Environmental and Internal Factor (Water (dry soil…
Photosynthesis
Environmental and Internal Factor
Light
3 important properties
quality
color or wavelengths
quantity
light intensity
duration
of hours per day sunlight is available
Leaf Structure
Standard: palisade parenchyma above and spongy mesophyll below
sufficient in absorbing CO2
inefficient in water conservatioin
cylindrical leaves
reduced external surface area
minimizes water loss
Water
stomata open during day, water is loss
stomata closed at night, retaining water
dry soil
stomata remain closed during day
Crassulacean Acid Metabolism
improves conservation of water
occurs at night
is not very efficient
Energy and Reducing Power
Energy Carriers
guanosine triphosphate
carries high energy phosphate bonds
ATP
converted to ADP by metabolic reactions
ADP
3 methods to converted to ATP
photophosphorylation
plants: light energy from photosynthesis
occurs in chloroplasts
animals: light energy from food
substrate-level phosphorylation
high energy phosphate group force phosphate on ADP
occurs all the time, in all parts of the plant
oxidative phosphorylation
last state of respiration
occurs all the time in all parts of the plant
Reducing Powers
oxidized
atoms do NOT carry max electons
oxidizing agents
oxdize material they react with
NAD+
NADP+
reduction reaction
reduces + charge on an atom
oxidation reaction
increases + charge on an atom
reducing agents
place electrons onto other molecules
NADH
NADPH
oxidized compounds
often contain a great amount of oxygen
reduced compounds
contain great amount of hydrogen
redox potential
tendency to accept or donate electrons varies
Other Electron Carriers
cytochromes
intrinsic membrane proteins
part of chlorplast's thylakoid membrane
carry electrons to close sites within membrane
proteins that contain an iron atom
plastoquinones
transport short distances
hydrophobic
plastocyanin
protein that carries electrons on a copper atom
Concepts
photoautotrophs
energy directly from sun
green plants, cyanobacteria
heterotrophs
take in molecules and respire them
all animals, fungi
entropy
highly ordered structure of organisms
Photosynthesis
Light Dependent Reaction
Nature of Light
quanta
radiation in set of particles
photons
radiation as a set of waves
Nature of Pigments
light
absorbed
reflected
refracted
chlorophyll a
main photosynthetic pigment
peak absorbance 430 nm & 660 nm
thylakoid reactions
Photosystem I
P700
Photosystem II
P680
Stroma Reactions
occurs in Stroma
