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Chapter 10 (photosynthesis (stroma reactions (ATP and NADPH interact with…

- - - - encompasses gamma rays, x-rays, ultraviolet light, infrared light, microwaves and radio waves
      - treated as a set of particles called quanta or photons
  - - - short term storage (ATP and NADPH)
      - intermediate term storage (sugar glucose and disaccaride sucrose
      - long term storage (starch and lipids)
- - - - refers to the colors or wavelengths it contains
    - - light intensity or brightness
    - - number of hours that sunlight is available
  - - - excellent for absorbing carbon dioxide but bad for conserving water
  - - - an energy-wasting process where phosphoglycolate is broken down to two molecules of carbon dioxide
- - - - allow the pigments to enter into every reaction necessary
      - allow energized pigments to make one or several smaller, less energetic intermediates that can be moved and controlled easily
        
        ATP is usually involved, but sometimes other "relatives" (such as guanosine triphosphate) enter
    - - it is converted to ADP and phosphate by metabolic reaction, but the phosphate can be reattached with a high-energy bond by the reactions of photosynthesis or respiration
      - 3 methods by which ADP can be phosphorylated to ATP
        
        photophosphorylation
        
        light energy in photosynthesis
        
        substrate-level phosphorylation
        
        organisms that don't have the necessary organelles or pigments respire some of the high-energy compounds they have consumed or imported by phloem
        
        oxidation phosphorylation
        
        last stages of respiration, ADP is phosphorylated to ATP
  - - - small proteins that contain a cofactor (heme)
      - intrinsic membranes
      - only carries to sites that are close
    - - small proteins that carries electrons on metal atoms
    - - only carries to sites that are close
      - after they pick up two electrons, they bind to two protons
      - have a long hydrocarbon tail, so they are hydrophobic
  - - - oxygen pull electrons away from an atom and raise that atom's partial positive charge
    - - hydrogen gives electrons away reducing its partner's partial positive charge