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:factory: THE NINETEENTH CENTURY: REFORM AND REFORMERS :factory: (The…
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THE NINETEENTH CENTURY: REFORM AND REFORMERS
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The Extension of the Franchise
Causes
Government Action :flag-gb:
Transported 102 Chartists to Australia for protesting, while many more were sent to prison
Passed the Six Acts in 1819, which limited public meetings to less than 50 and tried to snuff out seditious publications, which people opposed as they suppressed people's rights and liberties
The Great Reform Act of 1832 disenfranchised 56 boroughs in England and Wales and reduced 31 to only having one MP. Changed the property qualifications, so some lost their right to vote
Ideas :thought_balloon:
All men should have the opportunity to vote, regardless of social class
Role of the Individual :man: :woman:
Feargus O'Connor was a prolific physical force Chartist. He wanted immediate change, rather than the gradual change that the moral Chartists prefered. Edited the Northern Star
Thomas Atwood was a moral Chartist that presented the first Chartist petition to Parliament
William Lovett was a moral Chartist that preferred peaceful methods and favoured gradual change
Communication :pen: :newspaper:
The Chartist newspaper, the Northern Star, helped to spread their message
What Happened?
The People's Charter was published in 1838. It wanted a vote for all men over 21, a secret ballot, equal electoral districts, annual payments, no property qualifications for MPs and for MPs to be payed
The Chartists presented 3 petitions to Parliament (1839, 1842 and 1848). All three were rejected. the 1848 petition gained over 5 million signatures (although many were claimed to be forgeries)
Methods the Chartists used included hijacking meetings (eg. of the Anti-Corn Law League) and publishing a newspaper (the Northern Star), which was sold cheaply and distributed widely
The Chartists were deeply divided into moral Chartists and physical force methods.
Significance
Short Term
A total failure. None of the 6 points on the People's Charter were conceded. 120 Chartists were transported to Australia and many more were put into prison
Long Term
Over the next 50 years, 5 of the 6 points on the charter were conceded
The secret ballot was introduced in 1884
The "blood" of the Chartists was the seed of the reform movement of the 1860s
Protest and Change:
Anti-Corn Law League, Abolitionists and Factory/Social Reform
Causes
Religion :church:
Many reformers (eg. Lord Shaftesbury) were Quakers and thought it was their duty to help the working class/less fortunate
Communication :pen: :newspaper:
The Abolitionists, Anti-Corn Law League used memorabilia (eg. medallions and crockery) to spread their message, as well as advertising in newspapers
Ideas :thought_balloon:
Reformers thought it wasn't fair for those less fortunate to have to suffer
The Abolitionists thought that slavery was inhumane and a violation of human rights, and they thought all people should be treated equally
Role of the Individual :man::woman:
Thomas Clarkson, Granville Sharp and William Wilberforce were key Abolitionists
Richard Cobden and John Bright lead the Anti-Corn Law League
Lord Shaftesbury, Titus Salt, Robert Owen and George Cadbury were important Social Reformers
Titus Salt founded Saltaire in 1850
Government Action :flag-gb:
Although they were pressured to do so many times, it was the government that passed the various acts and bills into law
What Happened?
In 1807, a bill which banned slavery was passed
The Corn Laws were passed in 1815
They put taxes on imports like corn, which lead to unemployment and fewer jobs as British exports became too expensive for other countries to buy
In 1846, The Corn Laws were repealed (partly in response to the Potato Famine)
The Lunacy Laws were passed in 1845. It improved the way that lunatic were treated
The 10 Hours Bill (passed in 1847) limited the amount of hours children under the age of 9 could work
Ragged Schools were founded, starting at around 1840
Miners and Collieries Act (1842) prohibited women and children from working underground
Significance
Short Term
Long Term
Worker's Movements
Causes
Communication :pen::newspaper:
George Loveless wrote a pamphlet called "The Victims of Whiggery"
Annie Besant founded a weekly journal called "The Link", which she used to publicise the Match Girls' issue
Government Action :flag-gb:
Passed the Combination Acts in 1800, which prevented unions of either workers or employers
The Masters and Slaves Act of 1823 made it illegal for workers to go on strike
The Trade Union Act of 1871 specifically made trade unions legal, although it's effect was limited by the Criminal Law Amendment Act (which made picketing illegal), which was passed at the same time.
Economy :moneybag:
Many early strikers/trade unions were defensive- trying to maintain their wages and status (eg. the Luddites were workers against new farm technology which lowered their wages)
The Tolpuddle Martyrs tried to form a union because their wages had been cut down (for the third time) and they wanted a pay rise
Trade union membership usually went up in times of economic "good times" as people could afford the subscription cost, and went down when people could no longer afford it.
New unions came in the 1880s, as unskilled workers didn't usually have enough money to afford the high subscription costs of craft/trade unions
The women working at Bryant and May's match factory were being paid 5 shillings a week for 70 hours of work in very dangerous conditions (the phosphorous they worked with could cause brain tumours)
The aim of the Dockers' Strike in 1889 was to get their wages raised to 6d an hour
Ideas :thought_balloon:
Workers thought that it was unfair for their employers to control everything and thought that it was justifiable for them to want fair wages
Role of the Individual :man::woman:
Annie Besant lead the match girls’ strike in 1888 and took 50 of the match girls to Parliament to meet MPs and demand a better wage.
George Loveless, the leader of the Tolpuddle Martyrs, who were arrested in 1834 for joining a trade union
Significance
Long Term
Laid the foundations for the Labour party
Short Term
The Match Girls Strike was the first time that unorganised and unskilled workers went on strike and won
What Happened?
The Combination Acts were passed in 1800. They prevented the combination of either workers or employers
The GNCTU flourished in 1834
In 1834 the Tolpuddle Martyrs met to try and form a union
In 1837 the Tolpuddle Martyrs were pardoned
The Trade Union Congress (TUC) was formed in 1868
The trade union act of 1871 made trade unions legal
In 1888 the Match Girls strike was successful
The Docker's Strike was in 1889
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