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A-9 Reading Notes Modules 26-30 Unit VI: Learning (Module 27: Operant…
A-9 Reading Notes Modules 26-30 Unit VI: Learning
Module 26: How We Learn and Classical Conditioning
As humans we adapt to our environments
Habits form when we repeat behaviors
Habituation is decreasing responsiveness with repeated exposure to a stimulus
Respondent behavior is behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus
Cognitive learning is the acquisition of mental information, whether by observing events, by watching others, or through language
Unconditional response in classical conditioning, an unlearned naturally occurring response to an unconditioned stimulus
Higher-order conditioning is a procedure in which the conditioned stimulus in one conditioning experience is paired with a new neutral stimulus, creating a second stimulus
Spontaneous recovery is the reappearance, after a pulse, of an extinguished conditioned response
Ask Yourself Question:
Something that would normally be neutral that has come to mean something special would be a perfume I have from my grandma, I wouldn't ever buy it for myself, however since my grandma bought me it I wear it all the time because it makes me think of her.
Test Yourself Question:
The cake and the taste is the US. The associated aroma is the CS. Salivation to the aroma is the CR.
Test Yourself Question:
The first step of classical conditioning, when an NS becomes a CS, is called
acquisition
. When a US no longer follows the CS, and the Cr becomes weakened this is called
extinction
.
Generalization is the tendency once a response has been conditioned, for similar stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses
Extinction is the diminishing of a conditioned response, this occurs in classical conditioning when an unconditioned stimulus does not follow a conditioned stimulus, occurs in operant conditioning when a response is no longer reinforced
Conditioned response in classical conditioning, a learned response to a previously neutral stimulus
Ask Yourself Question:
A time from my childhood that I learned through classical conditioning was anytime we went over to my grandparent's house for dinner my grandma would make orange jello. A time from my childhood that I learned through operant conditioning was anytime we went to the mall with my parents they would park in a certain lot, now anytime I go to the mall I automatically go to that parking lot.
Classical conditioning is a type of learning in which we link two or more stimuli
Discrimination in classical conditioning, is the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and similar stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus
Ask Yourself Question:
My behaviors have been classically conditioned because I know if I act up there will be consequences. Which is why I think before I act and work hard.
Test Yourself Question:
If viewing an attractive nude or partly nude woman a (US) elicits sexual arousal (a UR), then parting the US with a new NS (violence) could turn the violence into a conditioned stimulus (CS) that becomes sexually arousing, a conditioned response (CR).
Unconditioned stimulus in classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditional triggers an unconditioned response
Conditioned stimulus in classical conditioning, an originally neutral stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus comes to trigger a conditioned response
Learning is the process of acquiring through experience new and relatively enduring information or behaviors
We learn new behaviors by observing events and people
Behaviors become habitual after 66 days
Test Yourself Question:
Habits are hard to break because habits form when we repeat behaviors in a given context and learn associations without being aware.
Test Yourself Question:
Through classical conditioning, we learn cues that lead us to expect and prepare for events that are good and bad. Through operant conditioning we learn to repeat behaviors that bring rewards. Through cognitive learning we watch others and learn.
Associative learning is learning that certain events occur together. The events may be two stimuli (classical conditioning) or a response and its consequences (operant conditioning)
Operant behavior is behavior that operates on the environment, producing consequences
Behaviorism is the view that psychology should be an objective science that studies behavior without reference to mental processes
Ask Yourself Question:
No, Pavlov's experiments that shows that dogs learned to anticipate meat powder doesn't surprise me because ti demonstrates conditioned stimulus.
Test Yourself Question:
NS- Tone before conditioning, US- Air puff, UR- Blink to air puff, CS- Tone after conditioning, CR- Blink to tone
Acquisition in classical conditioning, the initial stage when one links a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that he neutral stimulus begins triggering the conditioned response
Neutral stimulus is in classical conditioning, a stimulus that elicits no response before conditioning
Stimulus is any event of situation that evokes a response
Module 27: Operant Conditioning
Operant conditioning is a type of behavior in which a behavior becomes more likely to recur if followed by a reinforcer or less likely to recur if followed by a punisher
Law of effect is Thorndike's principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely
Shaping is an operant conditioning procedure in which reinforces guide, behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior
Conditioned reinforcer is a stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer; also known as a secondary reinforcer
Continuous reinforcement schedule is reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs
Partial reinforcement scheduled is reinforcing a response only part of the time; results in slower acquisition of a response but much greater resistance to extinction than does continuous reinforcement
Fixed-interval schedule in operant conditioning is a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed
Variable- interval schedule in operant conditioning is a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals
Fixed-ratio schedule in operant conditioning is a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses
Ask Yourself Question:
Operant conditioning helps teach children good manners because they come to realize that there are consequences for their actions.
Test Yourself Question:
With classical conditioning, we learn associations between events we
do not
control. With operant conditioning, we learn associations between our behaviors and
resulting
events.
Operant chamber in operant conditioning research is a chamber containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a food or water reinforcer
Reinforcement in operant conditioning is any event that strengthens the behavior it follows
Discriminative stimulus in operant conditioning is a stimulus that elicits a response after association with reinforcement
Positive reinforcement is increasing behaviors by presenting positive reinforcers which is any stimulus that when presented after a response, strengthens the response
Negative reinforcement is increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing aversive stimuli, a negative reinforcer is any stimulus that when removed after a response strengthens the response
Primary reinforcer is an innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need
Reinforcement schedule is a pattern that defines how often a desired response will be reinforced
Ask Yourself Question:
In my life I think I demonstrate fixed-ratio schedule because when I go to Starbucks I pay with the app and after I reach a certain number of points I earn a free drink.
Test Yourself Question:
People who send spam e-mail are reinforced on a variable-ratio schedule, cookie checkers are reinforced on a fixed-interval schedule, sandwich shop programs are using a fixed-ratio schedule.
Test Yourself Question:
Desired, PR, NP Undesired, PP, NR
Ask Yourself Question:
I have witnessed an effective and ineffective punishment, when my older sister and I were younger and we did something bad we would have to sit on the stairs for 5-10 minutes, this taught us to not act up because we didn't like sitting on the stairs. When my little sister does something bad she usually gets away with it and it causes her to do it again.
Punishment is an event that tends to decrease the behavior that it follows
Variable-ratio schedule in operant conditioning is a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses
Module 28: Operant conditioning's Applications, and Comparison to Classical Conditioning
Biofeedback is a system for electronically recording, amplifying, and feeding back information regarding a subtle physiological state, such as blood pressure or muscle tension
Ask Yourself Question:
A time when a coach of mine helped me to achieve my goal was when they had me start by shooting a soccer ball into the goal from 20 years out and then I moved back further and further until I was almost half field.
Test Yourself Question:
Salivating in response to a tone paired with food is a
respondent
behavior; pressing a bar to obtain food is an
operant
behavior.
Ask Yourself Question:
A superstition I have is bad things are more likely to happen Friday the 13th than on just a normal Friday.
Test Yourself Question:
If Ethan is seeking attention, the teacher's scolding may be reinforcing rather than punishing. To change his behavior, his teacher could reinforce him each tine he behaves well. The teacher might encourage him to increase appropriate behavior through shaping or rephrasing rules as rewards instead of punishments.
Module 29: Biology, Cognition, and Learning
Preparedness is a biological predisposition to learn associations, such as between taste and nausea, that have survival value
Ask Yourself Question:
Something that I have grown to like is vegetables because I remind myself of the benefits they have. I used to like my In N Out burger with everything on it but the last time I ate it I got sick so I don't want to get everything on it again.
Test Yourself Question:
Garcia and Koelling demonstrated that rats may learn an aversion to tastes, on which their survival depends, but not to sights or sounds.
Cognitive map is a mental representation of the layout of one's environment
Latent learning is learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it
Intrinsic motivation is a desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake
Problem-focused coping is attempting to alleviate stress directly- by changing the stressor or the way we interact with that stressor
External locus of control is the perception that chance or outside forces beyond our personal control determine our fate
Internal locus of control is the perception that we control our own fate
Self-control is the ability to control impulses and delay short-term gratification fro greater long-term rewards
Emotion-focused coping is attempting to alleviate stress by avoiding or ignoring a stressor and attending to emotional needs related to our stress reaction
Personal control is our sense of controlling our environment rather than feeling helpless
Learned helplessness is the hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or person learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events
Extrinsic motivation is a desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards or avoid threatened punishment
Ask Yourself Question:
I am intrinsically motivated because I workout to feel good inside and outside. I am extrinsically motivated because when I played soccer and whenever we had a game I would play hard to help my team win.
Test Yourself Question:
The success of operant conditioning is affected not just by environmental cues, but also by biological and cognitive factors.
Insight is a sudden realization of a problem's solution, contrasts with strategy-based solutions
Test Yourself Question:
To cope with stress when we feel in control of our world, we tend to use
problem
-focused (emotion/problem) strategies. To cope with stress when we believe we cannot change a situation, we tend to use
emotion
-focused (emotion/problem) strategies.
Ask Yourself Question:
I don't really find myself getting tempted to do things, but I always think of the consequences I will have which has helped me to made good choices.
Instinctive drift is the tendency of learned behavior to gradually revert to biologically predisposed patterns
Module 30: Observational Learning
Observational learning is learning by observing others
Mirror neurons is frontal lobe neurons that some scientists believe fire when we perform certain actions or serve another doing so
Ask Yourself Question:
Someone who has been a role model for me is a Youtuber I watch named Jess Conte, she has demonstrated how to always be a light to other and I always try to do the same.
Test Yourself Question:
Jason will be more likely to speed because his parents are modeling that to him. He will believe that if they say not to speed then why do they speed- Observational Learning.
Test Yourself Question:
Classical conditioning- Knowing the way from your bed to the bathroom in the dark
Operant conditioning- Your little brother getting in a fight after watching a violent action movie
Latent learning- Salivating when you smell brownies in the oven
observational learning- Disliking the taste of chili after becoming violently sick a few hours after eating chili
Biological predispositions- Your dog racing to greet you on your arrival home
Modeling is the process of observing and imitating a specific behavior
Prosocial behavior is positive, constructive, helpful behavior
