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Energy Metabolism: Photosynthesis (Concepts (Photoautotrophs (are…
Energy Metabolism: Photosynthesis
Concepts
Cells are very orderly unlike the universe with is entropy or disorder
Energy from the sunlight
In the process of photosynthesis, which produces complex organic compounds
In the respiration of organic compounds, either by the organism itself or by another organism that eats it
Photoautotrophs
are organisms that energy directly from light and use it to assimilate small inorganic molecules into heir own tissue
Heterotrophs
are organisms that cannot do this but instead take in organic molecules and respire them
Energy and Reducing Power
Energy Carriesrs
Energy enters the biological world through sunlight
Guanosine Triphosphate
Also carries high-energy phosphate bonds
Photophosphorylation
First way ADP can be turned into ATP
Substrate-Level Phosphorylation
Compounds with high-energy phosphate groups are produced and these compounds force their phosphate onto ADP to make ATP
Oxidative Phosphorylation
The last stage of respiration
Reducing Power
Oxidized
Means that an atom does not carry a many electrons as it could
Oxidized state
O2
Reducing Agent
Reduced
When electrons are added to an atom
Reduced State
H+
Oxidizing agents
Redox Reactions
"Half Reactions"
Other Electrons Carriers
Cytochromes
Small proteins that contain a cofactor, heme, which holds an iron atom which carries an electron
+2,+3
Plastoquinones
Transport electrons over short distances within a membrane
Plastocyanin
Small protein that carries electrons on a metal atom, in this case copper
+2,+1
Photosynthesis
The Light-Dependent Reactions
The Nature of Light
Photons
The Nature of Pigment
Pigment
any material that absorbs certain wavelengths specifically and therefore has distinctive color
Activated
When one of these quanta is absorbed by the pigment
From Ground state to Excited state
Fluorescence
when light is release by the pigment
Accessory Pigment
Lutein and Beta-Carotene
Photosystem I
PS I or P700
Ferredoxin
The transferred electron is still extremely unstable, and the reduced Fx immediately passes it onto the Ferredoxin
Ferredoxin-NAPD+ reductase
Changes into NAPDH
Photosystem II
THe Synthesis Of ATP
Chemiosomotic Phosphorylation
Photophosphorylation because light is involved
The Stroma Reactions
C3 Cycle
RUBISCO
Anabolic Metabolism
The Synthesis of Pholysaccharides
Plants and People: Photosynthesis, Global Warming, and Global Climate Change
Rusting iron produce O2 as well as photosynthesis
Coccliths and Mollusks have taken some of the carbon from the atmosphere and deposited to the bottom of the sea which does not decay fast
Humans have caused for more CO2 to be put back into the atmosphere than plants can take in
The excess CO2 is causing the atmosphere to capture more heat from the sun and warm the earth
Greenhouse effect
Greenhouse gas
Global Warming
2- 3 degree C increase
Rising sea levels as well as rapid weather changes
Less nutrition in water due to the extra freshwater
Global Climate Change
Ozone
3O2 to 2O2
Environmental and Internal Factors
Light
Quality of Sunlight
Quantity of Light
Light Compensation Point
Duration of Sunlight
Leaf Structure
Helps determine the surface area for the plant
Water
Amount available affects photosynthesis
C4 Metabolism
Photorespiration
C4 Photosynthesis
PEP Carbozylase
Crassulacean Acid Metabolism
second metabolic adaptation that improves conservation of water while permitting photosynthesis
Alternatices: Photosynthesis in Bacteria and Cyanobacteria
Cyanobacterial Photosynthesis
Have Chlorophyll a but not chlorophyll b
acts like carotenoids
Oxygenic Photosynthesis
Bacteriochlorophylls
like chlorophylls these are closed tetrapyrroles with a long tail, but they have certain side groups that the chlorophylls lack
Anoxygenic Photosynthesis
Since no oxygen is from because of the lack of PS II
Not very effective
