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Lymphatic System (Cell-Mediated Immunity (T-memory cells: remembers…
Lymphatic System
Cell-Mediated Immunity
T-memory cells: remembers particular antigens, so body can quickly fight it again if it were to ever reappear
Recognition of enemy: macrophage engulfs the antigen, lysosomes break apart the antigen, MHC's pick up pieces and display them outside the macrophage, APC cells
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Proliferation of T-cells: T-helper cells send out chemical signals so more cells come to area of infection. It takes an entire army to fight off the antigen
T-killer cells: contain a cytolytic protein called perforin that can be released to stick to the antigen
Destruction of Enemy: APC cells are foreign and T-killer cells release chemical perforin onto APC membrane which dissolves holes in it. Causes cytoplasm to leak out, killing the cell
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Call off Attack: T-helper cells call T-suppressor cells which release chemicals that call cells to start "clean-up"
5 steps to cell-mediated immunity: 1. Recognition of Enemy 2. Proliferation of T-cells 3. Destruction of Enemy 4. Call off attack 5. Future Protection
Future Protection: T-memory cells remember this antigen so an attack on the same antigen will start faster
Non-Specific Defenses
Natural Killer Cells: When in contact with a foreign cell, they release chemicals onto the cell which cause it to rupture.
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Barriers: Skin, saliva, acid in our stomach, normal flora.
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Lymphatic Cells, Tissues, & Organs
Bone marrow: plays role in immunity by leukopoiesis. Leukocytes (WBC's) help defend the body against foreign molecules.
Spleen: filters blood, and acts as part of the immune system. Red pulp: removes old and damaged erythrocytes from circulation. White pulp: contains T-cell lymphocytes, B-cell lymphocytes, and other WBC's.
Bone marrow, the spleen, thymus, and Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue all help protect the body from foreign molecules
Thymus: hormone production of thymosin, used for maturation of T-cell lymphocytes. Lymphocytes are made in RBM then move to the bloodstream to the thymus to mature into one of 4 types
MALT: Lymph nodes. Arranged in clusters throughout the body and function to remove debris and pathogens from lymph fluid.
Specific Defenses
T-cell lymphocytes produced in bone marrow, but are released while still immature and move through bloodstream to thymus for maturation
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Lymphocytes can keep dividing via mitosis. Memory passes to new cells that are clones and can battle antigens that the body sees again.
Antigen- Any foreign material recognized by the body which elicits and immune response. Ex: bacteria, viruses, fungi etc.
Humoral Immunity
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5 types of antibodies
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IgA: antibody found in fluids such as tears, saliva, breast milk
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Functions
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Responsible for building immunity against infectious diseases or other foreign molecules in the body.
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Immune Responses
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Autoimmunity: autoimmune diseases occur because one's body stops recognizing some of its own cells as 'self''
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Defenses For the body to achieve immunity there are physical, chemical, and cellular defenses that are used to fight invasion.
Non-Specific Defense: Barriers the body has to prevent the entry of foreign substances. Ex: barrier defenses, fever, inflammation, and phagocytosis.
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