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Cardiovascular System (Blood Flow Through the Heart (Blood travels through…
Cardiovascular System
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External Anatomy
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Superior surface fat filled grooves known as sulci. In these grooves are major coronary blood vessels
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Located between right and left ventricles are two more sulci that aren't as deep as the coronary sulcus
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Wall of the Heart
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The middle layer is the thickest layer. Collagenous fibers give it strength, blood vessels to supply the heart, and nerve fibers to help regulate the heart
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Innermost layer of the heart is the endocardium. Made up of endothelium, which lines the chambers and covers heart valves.
Composed of 3 layers. From outside to inside, epicardium, myocardium, and endocardium
Cardiac Cycle
Ventricular Systole- Ventricle keeps contracting, high pressure causes SL valves to open. AV valves still closed
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Isovolumetric Ventricular Contraction- Ventricles contract causing pressure to increase. Closes AV valves. SL valves still closed.
Ventricular Diastole- Blood flows into atria until pressure increases above ventricular pressure. AV valves open. SL valves closed
Atrial Contraction- AV valves open, SL valves close
Veins
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When breathing, diaphragm contracts and relaxes aiding in blood flow through veins
Chambers
Left atrium- receives blood from the pulmonary circulation. The right and left pulmonary veins empty into this chamber. The blood going into the left atrium is oxygenated.
Right ventricle- blood flows from the right atrium into the right ventricle through the tricuspid valve.
Right atrium- receives blood from the systemic circulation. Inferior vena cava, superior vena cava, and the large cardiac vein empty into this chamber.
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Valves
Left AV valve- bicuspid valve or the mitral valve. Also connected to papillary muscles via chordae tendinae
Pulmonary semilunar valve- deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle leaves the heart through this valve and goes to lungs
Right atrioventricular valve- tricuspid valve. Each cusp of this valve is attached to connective tissue called chordae tendinae.
Aortic SL valve- oxygenated blood from the left ventricle leaves the heart through this valve to go to the body.
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Pericardium
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Serous pericardium
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Visceral pericardium- internal visceral layer of the pericardium, but also the outer layer of the heart. (inner layer of pericardium- visceral pericardium...outer layer of heart- epicardium)
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Cardiac Output
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This value is expressed as milliliters of blood per minute. This is a calculated value that is the product of the stroke volume times the heart rate... CO=SV x HR
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Factors affecting SV
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Afterload- the amount of force needed to eject blood from the ventricle up through the semilunar valves
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Anatomy of The Heart
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Large vessels associated with the heart: trachea, esophagus, thymus...all located in the mediastinum
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Frank-Starling Law
Within physiological limits, the force of heart contraction is directly proportional to the initial length of the muscle fiber. The greater the stretch of the ventricular muscle, the more powerful the contraction.