overcrowding- no where to study, disturbed sleep. Development can be impaired du to lack of space for play

temporary accommodation- moving freq. = school changes and disrupted educ., psychological distress

indirect effects- health and welfare: greater risk of accidents, damp home= ill health so absent from school

Howard 2001: those from poorer homes lower intake of vitamins and minerals: effects immune system- lack of concentration/ absences

Wilkinson 1996: among 10 yr olds, lower the social class higher rate of hyperactivity, anxiety and conduct disorders- likely negative effect on education

Blanden and Machen 2007: ch. from low income fams more likely to enage in external behaviour(fighting and tantrums) disrupting schooling

David Bull 1980 'the cost of achievement'-poorer ch. doing w/out equipment and experiences that could enhance their learning

Tanner 2003:cost of transport, uniform, books, trips etc burden on poor families

result^: stuck w/ cheaper/ second hand items= isolation, stigma and bullying- damages self-esteem (want to fit in)

Smith and Noble 1995: poverty acts as a barrier to learning e.g no tuition and poorer quality, local schools

lack of funds- poorer ch. need to work; Ridge- ch. in poverty taking on jobs negatively effects their sch. work

Attitudes to debt may deter wc students from going to uni- Callender and Jackson 2005-2, 000 prosp. students saw debt negatively and negatives outweighed benefits of uni

Education Maintanence Allowances (EMA's) abolished by coalition govt in 2011

C+C- attitude to debt imp. in deciding whether to apply for uni. WC most debt avers and 5x less likely to apply than debt tolerant students (MC)

inc. in tuition fees 2012-inc. debt burden deter even more WC students from applying. Eg. no. of applicant fell by 8.6% in 2012

Wc students who go to uni less likely to receive financial support from fam- NUS 2010: 81% of those from higher cocial class revieved help from home vs 43% lower classes

30% uni students from WC backgrounds despite them being 50% of pop.

Reay 2005- Wc stds. more likely attend local uni to save on costs= less opp. to go to higher unis + work parttime- diff, to attain higher-class degrees

Drop out rates higher @ uni where large prop. of poorer stds. E.g: 16.6% @ London Met vs. 1.5% @ Oxford where 1/2 stds from priv. sch.