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class differences in education (material deprivation (fear of debt…
class differences in education
material deprivation
housing
overcrowding- no where to study, disturbed sleep. Development can be impaired du to lack of space for play
temporary accommodation- moving freq. = school changes and disrupted educ., psychological distress
indirect effects- health and welfare: greater risk of accidents, damp home= ill health so absent from school
diet and health
Howard 2001:
those from poorer homes lower intake of vitamins and minerals: effects immune system- lack of concentration/ absences
Wilkinson 1996
: among 10 yr olds, lower the social class higher rate of hyperactivity, anxiety and conduct disorders- likely negative effect on education
Blanden and Machen 2007
: ch. from low income fams more likely to enage in external behaviour(fighting and tantrums) disrupting schooling
cost of education
David Bull 1980
'the cost of achievement'-poorer ch. doing w/out equipment and experiences that could enhance their learning
Tanner 2003
:cost of transport, uniform, books, trips etc burden on poor families
result^: stuck w/ cheaper/ second hand items= isolation, stigma and bullying- damages self-esteem (want to fit in)
Smith and Noble 1995
: poverty acts as a barrier to learning e.g no tuition and poorer quality, local schools
lack of funds- poorer ch. need to work;
Ridge
- ch. in poverty taking on jobs negatively effects their sch. work
Education Maintanence Allowances (EMA's) abolished by coalition govt in 2011
fear of debt
Attitudes to debt may deter wc students from going to uni-
Callender and Jackson 2005
-2, 000 prosp. students saw debt negatively and negatives outweighed benefits of uni
C+C
- attitude to debt imp. in deciding whether to apply for uni. WC most debt avers and
5x
less likely to apply than debt tolerant students (MC)
inc. in tuition fees 2012
-inc. debt burden deter even more WC students from applying. Eg. no. of applicant fell by
8.6%
in 2012
Wc students who go to uni
less likely to receive financial support from fam
- NUS 2010:
81%
of those from higher cocial class revieved help from home vs
43%
lower classes
30%
uni students from WC backgrounds despite them being 50% of pop.
Reay 2005
- Wc stds. more likely attend local uni to save on costs= less opp. to go to higher unis + work parttime- diff, to attain higher-class degrees
Drop out rates higher @ uni where
large prop. of poorer stds.
E.g:
16.6%
@ London Met vs.
1.5%
@ Oxford where 1/2 stds from priv. sch.
cultural deprivation
language
parents' education
working class sub culture
Bourdieu:capital
cultural
refers to knowledge, vals, lang, tastes and abilities of the MC. B- sees cultural cap. as gives advantage to those who posses it
Through
socialisation
MC ch. acquire ability to grasp and analyse abstract ideas- more likely to develop intellectual interests and understand what educ. system requires for success
gives advan- such interests and abilities highly valued and rewarded. bc- educ. system not neutral, favours and
transmits MC culture
WC ch.- sch. devalues their culture as 'rough' and inferior- leads to exam failure, get message educ. not for them and respond trauntly
educational and economic
economic and cultural capital
can be converted
into one another
wealthier parents
can convert economic capital into educational
by sending ch. to priv schools
Leech + Campos (2003)
- study of coventry: MC parents more able to afford house in
catchment area
placed high on league tables (
selection mortgage
)- drives up cost of house near successful schools, excludes WC fams
testing his ideas
Sullivan 2001
: used qnnaires to survey 465 pupils in 4 schools- assess culture, asked range of activities and visiting galleries etc + tested vocab and knowledge of cultural figs.
fpund- those read complex fic. serious doc.s on TV developed wider vocab. and cultural knowledge= greater cultural capital. - were
ch. of graduates
= more likely successful @ GCSE
cultural capital only part of achievement: if cultural cap. same as WC, MC still did better-
greater resources and aspirations
explain remainder of gap