Terminology
Planes of Brain Section
Sagittal-left and right
Coronal-front and back
Horizontal-waist cut
Transverse- Type of cut-top and bottom
Lateral
Medial
Directional Brain Orientation
Rostral
Dorsal
Caudal
Back
Ventral
Front
Limb Movements
Adduction
Abduction
adding-towards body
away from body
flextion- to bend
Supination-hand up
Pronation- hand down
Skeletal Muscle Types
Movement
Oral dyskinesia- Tardive
-generally secondary to drug use and anti-psychotic drugs
Dystonia-distorted body posture
Bradykinesia- slow movements
Dyskinesia
-motor movement disorder characterized by involuntary muscle tremors
-usually goes away after stopping medication
Tics
Myoclonus-
-sudden muscle jerks in a specific muscle
-secondary to another neurological disorder
Skeletal
Cardiac
smooth
internal organs that can relax and expand involuntarily through automatic nervous system
The skeletal muscles perform various functions such as contraction and relaxation of muscles which in turn helps us to support and move our body. The muscle contraction pulls on tendons, as they attached to the bones.
Contraction to pump oxygen to the blood
.
Terms Related to Paralysis
Monoplegia- only one limb affected, usually an arm.
Hemiplegia- one side of body is affected. The arm is usually more involved than the leg. Most commonly in a stroke
Triplegia- Three limbs are involved, usually arms and a leg.
Quadriplegia- all four limbs are imvolved
Paraplegia- lower extremities and both legs
diplegia- all four limbs are involved. Both legs are more severely affected than the arms.
Neuroanatomical Structures
Gyrus- convoluntions
Sulcus- fissures
Operculum- margins of gyri
Prefixes
Inter-both structures
Intra-
Ipsi- lesion that affects the same side of the body
Contra-opposite
Pre- before
Post- after
Terms to Describe Symptoms
Chronic- something that lasts over 3 months
subacute- in between stage
acute- happening now
Static/stationary- never change
negative and positive symptoms
negative- impaired states of normal functions, such as memory loss in dementia.
positive- behaviors that confirm the presence of a disease process
Basal ganglia disruption- pill rolling
Nervous System
CNS- central nervous system- brain and spinal cord
-Cerebrum
-Brainstem
-Cerebellum
PNS- cranial and spinal nerves
[
]
Afferent- inward
Efferent- Outward or away