Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
Respiration (Anaerobic Pathway (No oxygen present :no_entry: (Glycolysis,…
Respiration
Anaerobic Pathway
No oxygen present :no_entry:
Glycolysis
Occurs in all organisms
Yields two ATP (4produced but 2consumed)
& two NADH
occurs in cytoplasm of cell
Facultative anaerobe
does not like oxygen but can use aerobic pathway
many yeasts
some bacteria
Respiration of Lipids
Pentose Phosphate Pathway
Glucose into 4-carbon sugars
4-carbon sugar = erythrose
erythrose-4-phosphate is used in the production of pigments
Glucose into 5-carbon sugar
5-carbon sugar = ribose
Oily seeds and dormant apical meristems
forms acetyl CoA
for each acetyl CoA formed, one FADH2, one NADH are created
FADH2 and NADH drive ATP production
Aerobic Pathway
Oxygen present :<3:
Citric Acid Cycle
One cycle per glucose molecule
One glucose = one ATP ect
occurs in matrix
Electron Transport Chain (ETC)
FADH2 & NADH react with cytochromes
Protons build up in matrix
Protons get pumped into lumen
ATP synthase reacts with ADP to create ATP
occurs on cristae of mitochondria
Glycolysis
Two ATP and two NADH
NADH oxidizes to NAD+ to continue glycolysis
Falcultative aerobe
likes oxygen but can do anaerobic pathway
Heat-Generating Pathway
occurs in plants
do not pump protons during ETC
allows a warmth of the plant
Photorespiration
occurs only when RuBP carboxylase adds O2 to ribulose-1,5-biphosphate
All energy is wasted
Up to 30% energy trapped by photosynthesis
Total Energy Yield of Respiration
Anaerobic glycolysis
one or two ATP's used to start process
net result of two ATP per every glucose fermented
Aerobic glycolysis
yields two ATP
two NADH's allow formation of two or three more ATP's
six ATP per glucose are produced
Citric Acid Cycle
each glucose yields two ATP, six NADH, two FADH2
so the total is 24 ATP's
38 ATP's can be produced
Pentose Phosphate Pathway
yields two NADPH per glucose-6-phosphate
Heat-Generating & Photorespiration
no ATP is produced
Fermentation of Alcoholic Beverages
Wine
fermentation of sugary fruits
always cultivated from
Vitis vinifera
white wines
skin is removed from grapes
champagnes and sparkling wines :champagne:
made by adding sugar to a bottle with a few live yeast cells
to be called champagne it must be produced in the Champagne region of France
always produced by the anaerobic respiration of glucose by yeasts
ethanol buildup of a concentration of 18% kills the yeasts
Beer
partially fermenting starchy seeds
barley (most common) ,wheat, corn, or rice
starch converted to glucose
grains are dried (malt)
malt mixed with water = mash
unsprouted grains, corn syrup, or potatoes are added
hops are added so the beer will be less sweet
the mash is warmed and stands for several hours
solid materials strained out so it's wort now
wort is boiled to kill microbes
1 more item...
sake is fermented rice
served hot and has 20%-22% concentration
Spirits
ethanol concentration is above 20%
distillation can produce
vodka
basically pure ethanol and water
whiskey
gin
of fermented molasses creates rum
from fermented juices of agave plants creates tequila and mescal
Warnings
:!!:
ethanol is classified as a depressant
fifth greatest cause of death in U.S.
drunk driving
illegal to drive with BAC of 0.08%
moderate consumption
two glasses per day
can lower the risk of heart disease (red wine)
when blood alcohol content reaches 0.02%
it starts to interfere with coordination and reaction time and may cause impulsive behavior
Environmental & Internal Factors
Temperature
increase of 10degrees C
in a range of 5-25degrees C
doubles respiration rate
below 5degrees C
respiration greatly decreases
above 40degrees C
respiration greatly slows
enzyme damage or organelle disruption
Lack of Oxygen
plants can maintain full respiration at 1%-2% O2 concentrations
roots of the plant
use anaerobic pathway for short period
If flooded for a while they usually die
Internal Regulation
epidermal cells
high level of aerobic respiration
just before fruit is mature
endogenous hormones trigger a burst of respiration
seeds with true dormant period
virtually no respiration
metabolic inhibitors block respiration
spongy mesophyll
lower respiration rate