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Blood Formed Elements / Progenitor Cells (Stem Cells (Lymphoid Stem Cell:…
Blood Formed Elements / Progenitor Cells
Stem Cells
Myeloid Stem Cell: monocytes, macrophages, neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils, erythrocytes, megakaryocytes to platelets, and all granulocytes are derived from these
Lymphoid Stem Cell: lymphocytes (T cells, B cells, and natural killer cells) are derived from these
B Lymphocytes:
-Give rise to plasma cells, which produce antibodies that are released to the blood
-Derived from B lymphocyte precursors, which arise from the lymphoid stem cells
-Lymphocytes make up 25-45% of WBC population
-Some become plasma cells
-Large spherical nucleus and thin rim of pale blue cytoplasm
T Lymphocytes:
-Function in the immune response by acting directly against virus-infected cells and tumor cells
-Derived from T lymphocyte precursors, which arise from lymphoid stem cells
-Lymphocytes make up 25-45% of WBC population
-Some become effector T cells
-Large spherical nucleus and thin rim of pale blue cytoplasm
Hematopoietic Stem Cell (Hemocytoblast): gives rise to cells that undergo several mitotic divisions unaccompanied by cytoplasmic division to produce megakaryocytes; a bone marrow cell that gives rise to all the formed elements of blood
Red Blood Cells
Erythrocytes:
Red Blood Cells that are small, biconcave discs (or a flattened disc with depressed centers)
Under the microscope, Erythrocytes appear lighter in color at their thin centers than at their edges.
Neutrophils: are active phagocytes, fight against bacteria by releasing cytotoxic compound.
most abundant leukocyte (50-70% WBC count)
have multilobed nucleus
appear pale red and blue
cytoplasm contain fine granules
Eosinophils: release digestive enzymes to attack parasitic worms that are too large to phagocytose
account for 2-4% of all leukocytes
approximately the size of a neutrophil
have a bi-lobed nucleus
contain red cytoplasmic granules
-contain large, coarse granules, stain brick red
Basophils: release histamine at sites of inflammation
least abundant leukocyte (0.5-1% of WBC count)
bi-lobed nucleus
purplish-black cytoplasm granules
Megakaryocytes
-Extraordinarily large cells that synthesize and assemble platelet components and organelles
-Can be up to 60 μm in diameter
-Descendents of the hematopoietic stem cell and the myeloid stem cell
-During their formation, repeated mitoses occur, but cytokinesis does not occur, resulting in a huge multilobed nucleus and a large cytoplasmic mass
-Normally account for 1 out of every 10,000 bone marrow cells
Leukocytes
Granulocytes
Neutrophils:
Description: multilobed nucleus, pale red and blue cytoplasmic granules
Function: phagocytes, particularly against bacteria. Release cytotoxic compounds
Eosinophils:
Description: Bilobed nucleus, red cytoplasmic granules
Function: release digestive enzymes to attack parasitic worms that are too large to phagocytose
Basophil:
Description: bilobed nucleus, purplish-black cytoplasmic granules
Function: Release histamine at sites of inflammation
Agranulocytes
Lymphocyte:
Spherical or indented nucleus; pale blue cytoplasm; diameter is 5-17
Mount immune response by direct cell attack or via antibodies
Duration of development is days to weeks, while lifespan is hours to years
Monocytes:
U- or Kidney shaped nucleus; grey-blue cytosplasm; diamter 14-24 um.
Phagocytosis; develop into macrophages in the tissues
Duration of development is 2-3 days while life span is months
Platelets:
the function of platelets is to clot and prevent bleeding when there is an injury.
platelets are cytoplasmic fragments of giant megakaryocytes. they are much smaller than regular red blood cells.
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