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Chapter 11 Energy Metabolism: Respiration (Types of Respiration (Aerobic…
Chapter 11 Energy Metabolism: Respiration
Types of Respiration
Aerobic Respiration (requires oxygen)
species that use this method
facultatively aerobic
obligate aerobes
Steps:
Glycolysis
Citric Acid Cycle
Electron Transport Chain
occurs in the inner mitochondrial membrane (3.1 on image)
occurs in mitochondrial matrix
occurs in cytoplasm
intermediates between each step:
pentose phosphate pathway
solution to the heat lost during this process
heat-generating respiration
extra facts
produces much more ATP than anaerobic respiration
uses oxygen as its electron acceptor
Anaerobic Respiration (without oxygen)
Glycolysis
species that use this method
obligate anaerobes (bacteria)
facultatively anaerobic
extra facts
occurs more quickly than aerobic respiration
also known as fermentation
lactic acid acts as the final electron acceptor
respiration of lipids
provides energy for to support cellular function
fats are broken down into fatty acids
photorespiration
wastes products of photosynthesis
takes up oxygen and gives out carbon dioxide
benefits:
creates proton gradients for future energy needs
reduces oxygen buildup
Total Energy Yield of Respiration
net energy gain from 1 glucose molecule
2FADH2
2 ATP
6 NADH
Respiratory Quotient
amount of oxygen consumed by aerobic respiration
1.0
determines the amount of oxygen that is consumed
Fermentation of Alcoholic Beverages
Wine :champagne:
made by fermenting fruit juices
grapes (most used)
elderberry (uncommon)
peach (uncommon)
global climate change
rendering wine grapes useless
devastating vineyards
Spirits :
made by adding ethanol to be distilled in a solution
Brandy
Vodka
Tequila
have higher proofs than beers and wines
Beer :beer_mugs:
made by fermenting starchy grains
corn
rice
wheat
barley (most common)
Warnings :warning:
ethanol is a depressant
can be addictive
passes through the fetus of a mother and cause fetal alcohol syndrome
drinking slows reaction times and coordination
causes impulse behavior
can be lethal once BAC reaches 0.4%
disrupts lipids in the cell membranes
Environmental and Internal Factors on Respiration
Lack of oxygen
caused by:
flooding :
day/night cycles
poorly drained soil
internal regulation
active metabolisms increase respiration
inactive metabolisms decrease respiration
maturing of fruit or embryos
Temperature :
higher temperature will increase respiration
lower temperatures will decrease respiration
