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Cell structure definitions (Nucleus (is the control centre of the cell;…
Cell structure definitions
Nucleus
is the control centre of the cell; stores genetic information; transmits genetic information; provides instructions for protein synthesis.
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
system of membranes, containing cisternae that are continuous with the nuclear membrane. It is coated with ribosomes where amino acids are assembled into proteins.
Cisternae
fluid-filled cavities in the RER and SER.
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
system of membranes, containing cisternae that are continuous with the nuclear membrane, but is not coated with ribosomes. It is involved with lipid absorption, synthesis and transport.
Chromatin
uncondensed DNA wound around histone proteins.
Nuclear envelope
double membrane surrounding the nucleus.
Nucleolus
dense region in the nucleus, where ribosomes are made. It contains RNA and does not have a membrane surrounding it.
Golgi apparatus
stacks on membrane-bound flattened sacs. Proteins are modified here, adding sugars or lipids and folding them into their 3D structure.
Mitochondria
site of ATP production during aerobic respiration. They are surrounded by two membrane; the inner membrane is folded into cristae.
Chloroplasts
site of photosynthesis. They are surrounded by a double membrane; the inner membrane is continuous with thylakoids.
Thylakoids
flatenned membrane sacs containing chlorophyll, in chloroplasts.
Grana
stacks of thylakoids in chloroplasts.
Stroma
fluid-filled matrix in chloroplasts.
Cristae
folded inner membrane of mitochondria.
Tonoplast
membrane surrounding the vacuole in plant cells.
Lysosomes
small vesicles formed from the Golgi. Contain hydrolytic enzymes to digest pathogens.
Cilia
present on nearly all cells in the body, acting as antennae and allowing the cells to detect signals in their immediate environment. Epithelial cells lining the airways have many cilia that beat to move mucus. Contain microtubules and formed from centrioles.
Ribosomes
small, spherical organelle, without a membrane. Made of ribosomal RNA in the nucleous. Some are free in the cytoplasm; others attach to the RER. Involved in protein synthesis
Undulipodium
Present on spermatozoa, enabling them to move. Contain microtubules and formed from centrioles.
Centrioles
consists of two bundles of microtubules at right angles to each other. Forms spindle fibres for cell division; also involved with the formation of cilia and undulipodia.
Cytoskeleton
network of proteins within the cytoplasm. They give support to the cell, forms tracks for motor proteins, form spindle fibres and make up cilia and undulipodia.
Eukaryotic
cells having a true nucleus,
Cellulose cell wall
made of cellulose and absent from animal cells. Can prevent plants cells from bursting when turgid; provided support; maintains cell's shape.
Prokaryotic
unicellular microorganisms which lack membrane-bound organelles and an organised nucleus.