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Energy Metabolism: Respiration Chapter 11 (Types of Respiration (Integrate…
Energy Metabolism: Respiration Chapter 11
Types of Respiration
Anaerobic Respiration
With Oxygen present
Glycolysis
Citric Acid Cycle
The Mitochondrial Electron Transport Chain: Chemiosmotic Phosphorylation
NADH Shuttle
Integrate Metabolism
Conventional Heterotrophs
Most other bacteria much like animals
Photoheterotrophs
Purple bacteria and green bacteria
Photoautotrophs
prokaryote, green bacteria, cynobacteria, and some purple bacteria much like plants
the relationship between carbon, photosynthesis, and respiration is fairly simple
All photosynthetic plants are classified as autotrophs
All animals are classified as heterotrophs
Rice can germinate in floods due to it being able to use anaerobic respiration
Aerobic Respiration
Glycolysis
Produces 2 Net ATP
Starts with Glucose and ends with Pyruvate
When there is no Oxygen
Pyruvate to Lactate (or lactic acid)
Humans are able to make this reaction as well as get rid of the Lactic acid before becoming toxic to the human
Pyruvate to Ethanol
Acetaldehyde
Poisonous to humans and humans are unable to make this reaction
This was used to help form life due to the earth not having oxygen in the atmosphere when life was created
Heat-Generating Respiration
Thermogenic Respiration
Heat-generating respiration can thus be studied by poisoning normal aerobic respiration with cyanide; consequently, heat-generating respiration
Thermodynamics
Heat is loss due to work
For mammals this loss of heat helps maintain body temperature
Plants use this heat to attract pollinators
Hypothesized that this is used in stressful situations for plants
Pentose Phosphate Pathway
This is the cycle where the cell makes the ribose sugars and the erythrose sugars the cell uses to make both DNA and RNA
It also produces the molecules needed for the fibers of wood and the colors of the flower petals
Occurs in the plastids and cytosol
Also produces NADH
Respiration of Lipids
Triglycerides or phospholipids
Germination or release from dormancy causes the lipids to be broken down into glycerol, three fatty acids, glycerol phosphate, or two fatty acids
Fatty acids then broken down into AcetyleCoA
Acetyel CoA then goes into the citric acid cycle
Photorespiration
Only occurs when RuBP carboxylase adds oxygen rather than a carbon dioxide to ribulose-1,5-Bisphosphate
The carbon dioxide is the respired with water and conserves no energy
All energy is wasted
Transported by the peroxisomes to the mitochondria
May also be converted into serine
May waste up to 30% of the energy trapped by photosynthesis
Total Energy Yield of Respiration
Glycolysis has a net gain of 2 ATP
Pentose phosphate pathway yields two NADPH
Citric Acid Cycle produces around 30 ATP
Respiratory Quotient
The ration of carbon dioxide liberated to oxygen consumed
Glucose's RQ= 1.0
An Action Spectrum
Acids have a high RQ due to the large amount of oxygen
Fatty acids have a very low RQ [0.7]
Sunlight also affects the RQ
Fermentation of Alcoholic Beverages
Beer
Starchy cereal grains
Barley, wheat, corn, or rice
allows the grains to germinate
Then dried out to stop the process
called malt in this form
Sake classified as a beer but made differently
Wine
Made from juice
all wines come from one variety of grape
20 to 30% weight is sugar when grapes are ready
All the sugar ferments then a dry wine
Spirits
Contains ethanol content above 20%
Distillation
Warnings
Alcohol can be very dangerous to the body
BAC
Plants and People: Fungal Respiration
Fermentation is uses in many different processes with food
Alternatives: Respiration in Prokaryotes
Basic Reactions
Certain prokaryotes [lithotrophs] metabolize inorganic compounds and extract energy from them
Examples being hydrogen, sulfur, iron, and nitrogen
All plants, animals, fungi, cyanobacteria, and most bacteria and archaea use organic compounds for respiration
Examples sugars, fats, and amino acids
Electron Donors
Hydrogen
e-
NADH
Electron Acceptors
NO- to NO2- or N2
Sulfur can also be an acceptor
Oxygen is the strongest electron acceptor
Plants and People: Respiration
People do not affect plant respiration for the most part
C6H12O6 + 6O2 = 6CO2 + 6H2O
If plants are packed away less nutritious for us
Dead Zone in the gulf of Mexico
Over growth of bacteria
Concepts
Respiration
The process that breaks down complex carbon compounds into simpler molecules and simultaneously generates the adenosine triphosphates [ATP] used to power other metabolic processes
ATP
NADH and NAD+
Resources
Mauseth, James D. Cram101 Textbook Outlines to Accompany: Botany: an Introduction to Plant Biology, Mauseth, 3rd Edition. Academic Internet Publishers, 2007.
All pictures have the link if you just click on the picture
Environmental and Internal Factors
Temperature
Rate of Respiration
Between 5 degrees and 25 degrees the rate rapidly increases for the rate of respiration
And anything above 30 degrees C the rate still increase just not as rapid
Then above 40 degrees C it slowly starts to decrease again
below 5 degrees C the rate of respiration slowly decreases
Lack of Oxygen
Oxygen is very stable in the earth atmosphere
During rain the soil air either has very little oxygen or none
Anaerobic allows the roots to survive for a short period of time
Internal Regulation
During fruit maturation the respiration usually remains steady or increases gradually
After an embryo is mature the respiration decreases so dramatically that it is difficult to measure and the seed becomes dormant
Respiration is the source of ATP for all parts of a cell other than chloroplasts
Plants Do Things Differently: Plants, Babies, and Heat
Most plants resemble cold-blodded animals in having a temperature close to that of the immediate environment
Newborn human babies have a thermogenic mechanism rather similar to that of plants
Brown Fat= more Mitochondria
