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Energy Metabolism Respiration (Types of Respiration (Pentose Phosphate…
Energy Metabolism Respiration
Types of Respiration
Anarobic Respiration
without oxygen
Glucose broke down
Glycolysis
2 ATPS and 2 NADH
makes pyruvate
Aerobic Respiration
needs oxygen
Glycolysis
2 ATPs and 2 NADH
makes 2 pyruvate
in cytosol
Citric Acid Cycle
6 NADH, 2 ATP, 1 FADH2
Electron Transport Chain
28 ATP
Heat-Generating Respiration
muscles
contract and relax
break down ATP
release stored energy
heat generating plants
alternate electron carriers
no azide
no carbon monoxide
no cyanide
present in mitochondria
AKA thermogenic respiration
Pentose Phosphate Pathway
phosphorylated five-carbon sugars
transforms glucose to
erythrose
starting material for compounds
lignin pigments
anthocyanin pigments
secondary plant walls
wood
fibers
sclereids
ribose
occurs in plastids
supplies erythrose-4-phosphate to
tyrosine
phenylalanine
tryptophan
produces NADPH
Respiration of Lipids
fatty acids
broken down
acetyl Co-A
B-oxidation
cytosol
glyoxysomes
microbodies
glyoxysomes
Photorespiration
RuBP carboxylase
adds oxygen
ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate
resulting in
3-phospoglycerate
one phospoglycolate
Environmental and Internal Factors
Temperature
shoots
great change of temp
more than 20 degree C
Lack of Oxygen
chlorophyllous
daytime
produces oxygen
respiration
night
no oxygen
oxygen availability
more variable for roots
oxygen owing to respiration
roots
fungi
bacteria
protists
soil animals
Internal Regulation
cells
active metabolism
glands
protein or epidermal cells
secrete waxes
high aerobic respiration
spongy mesophyll
lower respiration
collenchyma
lower respiration
respiration
triggered by
endogenous hormones
seeds
dormant
no respiration
Total Energy Yield of Respiration
one molecule of glucose
two ATP
in addition
two NADHs
transported
mitochondria
pentose phospate pathway
yields
two NADPH
per glucose-6-phosphate
fatty acid respiration
ATP production
depends on length
acetyl Co A
enters citric acid cycle
Fermentation of Alcohol Beverages
Beer
fermentation
starchy grains
barley
most common :beer:
wheat
corn
rice
Wine
fermentation
grape juice
rich in sugars
produced in 6000 BCE
60 different grapes
grapes
20-30% sugar
crushed
obtain juice
acrhaeologists
look for
tartaric acid crystals
determine time period
pasteurization
kill off yeast
age
in barrels
white wine
12-18 months
red wine
5 years
Spirits
ethanol content
above 20%
toxic to yeast
yeast dies
distillation
heat
evaporation
alcohol and water
different liquids
boil differently
grain based fermentations
produce
whiskeys
use 80% corn
vodka
pure
ethanol and water
carbohydrates
wheat
corn
potatoes
sugar beets
gin
malted
barley
corn
rye
brandy
grape wine
tequila
agave plants
store carbohydrates
not as starch
store as inulin
rum
fermented molasses
Warnings
fermenation
ethyl alcohol
depressant
consuming
beneficial
lowers risk of :hearts: disease
harmful
drunk driving
5th cause of :skull_and_crossbones:
passes
mother
infant
through placenta
cause
1 more item...
BAC
.02%
interfere with
coordination
reaction time
may cause
impulsive behavior
.15%
people are drunk
trouble walking
.4%
fatal
.08% or higher
illegal to drive
isopropyl alcohol
rubbing alcohol
methyl alcohol
wood alcohol
Respiratory Quotient
action spectrum
valuable tool
studying light
photosynthesis
respiration
theoretical calculation
amount of oxygen
consumed
respiratory substrate
ratio of CO2
liberated to O2
respiratory quotient