Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
Perception Errors Effecting Memories (Errors of encoding) (Errors of…
Perception Errors Effecting Memories (Errors of encoding)
Estimator Variables
Estimator variables are factors that can affect the accuracy of eyewitness identifications but that are outside of the control of the criminal justice system.
Eye Witness Identification Factors
Duration of exposure to perpetrator
Passage of time between crime and identification
Distance between witness and perpetrator
Errors of Encoding
Injury/ Physical Trauma
Interference
Weapon Focus Effect
Adrenaline/Dopamine (also effects retrieval)
Alcohol or Drugs
Illumination
Expectations Schemas
Illumination
The lower, rather than lighter the illuminance of LED light is, the more effective long term memory is. (Jung, Kim & Lee, 2017)
Weapon Focus Effect
Attention directed toward a weapon in a scenario, usually at the expense of other details.
Typically participants display poorer memory for other details surrounding the weapon. (Saunders, 2009)
Tooley et al (1987) - a weapon can serve as a cue that will interfere with eye-witness encoding of the weapon holder's facial features. Found subjects were better at identifying photos of targets who were not holding a weapon than they were of targets holding a weapon.
Participants spend more time looking at/attending to the weapon opposed to peripheral details. (Saunders, 2009)
Weapons may attract attention due to their unusualness in certain contexts. (Kramer, Buckhout & Eugenio, 1990)
Perceived dangerousness of a weapon leads to high levels of stress and emotion. (Easterbrook, 1959)
This in turn affects attentional resources. (Easterbrook, 1959)
Pickel et al (2003) - presence of weapon worsened memory for semantic content of an auditory conversation when the semantic content was difficult to comprehend (pps watched a video of a male target holding a weapon engaging in conversation with a female character).