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Ch 21: Atypical development (Typical/Atypical development (Atypical…
Ch 21: Atypical development
Typical/Atypical development
Atypical
Why
Designing better interventions, depending on the characteristic of the subject (Lack of theroy of Mind, executive function deficits...etc)
Better understanding of typical development
Ex: Theory of mind; develops naturally, so no formal instruction is needed (thanks to autism we know)
How
Goal standard, two control groups (rarely done in real life)
One with same chronological age, typical developed
One with same mental age, typically developed
Distinguishing delay from difference
Delay: Underperformance of clinical group compared to control group of same chronological age
Difference: Underperformance of clinical group compared to control group with same mental and chronological age
Advances (brain immaging, prenatal development, genetics and eye tracking)
Autism spectrum disorder
Individual differences
Epidemology
Ex: Increase on autism
Because of spreading knowledge, developed diagnostic tools (earlier identification) and assortative mating
Comorbidity
More than 70% of autistics tend to have a second disorder (from 2 to 5) anxiety, ADHD, depression... etc
Two symptoms (after 2013 DSM)
Limited, stereteotyped and repetitive patterns of behaviour
Problems with social interaction and communication
Spectrum
Classical
Asperger
Normal language development
PDD-NOS (Pervasive Developmental Disorder - Not Otherwise Specified)
ADHD
Two main symptoms
Inattention
Difficulty focusing and organise work / activities
Hyperactivity-impulsivity
Not doing what is asked
Subtypes
Combined (most part, inside subtypes)
More inattentive
More hyperactive/impulsive
Just ADHD (95.3)
Epidemiology
Prevalence
3 times more in boys than girls
5 (6-7 children) out of 100
Comorbidity
Also 70% tend to meet other disorders (Learning, sleeping, anxiety...etc)
ADHD advances
Gentics
Similar patterns with autism: rare genetic variants, common genes and big group of them involved (polygenic disorders)
Positive correlations with siblings, obesity...etc and negative with IQ, first child...etc
Prenatal
Smoking, alcohol
Eye tracking
Premature saccades (vistazos) because they can't hold attention
Brain immaging
Stop signal task
Autism advances
Prenatal (factors that may increase the risk)
Maternal diabetes
Prental infection/inflammation (rubella, influenza...)
Exposure to drugs and chemicals
Vitamin D defficiency
Eye tracking
Do not make eye contact?
When language understanding yes
When language impairment no
Genetics
Between MZ twins, 0.93 probability
Lots of genes get involved, difficlt to predict
Until now, confirm that autism is a broader somatic condition, including inmunological and sleep problems
Clinical relevance? Gives advice in reproduing decisions, knowledge to family
High heritability
Brain immaging
Mirror, empathy, mentalising and amygdala networks work differently lots of individual differences as well
Delayed in tone responses and greater activity in prefrontal cortex
Delayed (normal path, but behind) or different (different path of development)
Typical
Absence of disorder
Statistical fact
Those that are inside 2 SD (95.4%)
Desired situation
Don't mind staying in school 8 hours a day
Successful adaptation
Common developmental disorders
ADHD
Lots of factors appart from inhibitory control
Autism
Three main theories
Theory of mind
Some children perform well, other perform bad at even non-social tasks
Executive function
Perform bad, ex: Wisconsin card task, where you have to be changing the rules, because they tend to stick to one rule
Central coherence
Tendency to focus on details rather than whole images, ex: embedded figures, performing really well
Concludes that executive function is needed firt to develop theroy of mind