Algerian Independence movement
impacts of WW2
impacts of WW1
Setif and Guelma massacre May 8th 1945
Algerians continue to support Free French Forces in hope they will be given more equality and independence
Algerians serving in the army received citizenship
A young Muslim leadership emerged --> Young Algerian movement
North African Star 1926 by Messali Hadj created in France
A greater political and social consciousness of the inequalities felt by Algerians because many served in the army and thus expected equal status
Banned by the French but initial support of French communists
Promoting the independence of Algeria as well as freedoms in France
Reorganization in 1937 under the same leadership
Algerians People's party
banned again by France
asked for complete emancipation and integration in the French Republic, later complete independence
Association of Algerian Muslim Ulama 1931
free education for all and stressing the Arabic language
religious connotation
colons rejected any power given to Algerians even pro-French évolués
colons rejected movement towards reform
migration movement 20s (economic reasons)
The end of the War created the Association of Algerian Muslim Ulama who wanted greater righter such as free education and stressed on arabic.
Messily Hadj founded the North African Star
a lot of power within France
Jonnart Law 1919
1919 The Jonnart Law recognised the right that a number of the Muslim population had to vote because the contribution that many Muslim Algerians made in the War
extending the right to vote to a number of the muslim population
Popular Front 1936 --> Violette plan 1937
Ferhat Abbas find the The Algerian Popular Union for the Acquisition of the Rights of Man and of Citizen which particularly puts emphasis on teaching Arabic in Schools
proposal to extend French citizenship with full political equality to certain classes of the Muslim "elite”
complete opposition from the colons
Ferhat Abbas --> The Algerian Popular Union for the Acquisition for Rights of Man and of Citizen 1938
France's collaboration with the Vichy regime who is an Ally of Nazi Germany. This results in Jewish Algerians losing their citizenship while making the life of Muslim Algerians difficult. Jew had to wear the yellow star in Algeria too.
Assimilation with France and introduction of Arabic as language of instruction in schools
1939 350000 men are mobilized in French North Africa
colons were sympathetic
especially Jews in Algeria were affected
their citizenship was taken away
Vichy Regime (1940-1944)
anti-semitic laws were imposed
Abbas issues a Manifesto that shows more radical demand for a Algerian Constitution and legal equality of Muslims
potential opposition leader from European and Muslim communities were arrested
However, a second faction of the French resisted the rule of the Vichy Regime. The Americans launch landings in the Mediterranean starting from 1942 in Algeria. This leads to a free Algeria under De Gaulle. ALGERIA becomes the capital of Free France that fights Nazism.
1942/43 Algeria was freed of the Vichy Regime
Allied Great Landings 1942/43
Algeria represents Free France led by General DeGaulle
Algiers becomes the capital of Free France
The French try to appease him by issuing a new version of the Violette Plan that gave Muslim elite French citizenship. But this was not enough as just a little people would be integrated into the existing system. The plan was rejected .
more expectations of the Independence movement
A Manifesto to the Algerian People Ferhat Abbas
complete equality of Algerian Muslims
1944 France responded by a new version of the Violette Plan
allowing a part (65000) of the Muslim élite gaining full citizenship and equality --> too late
trying to appease the independence movement (similar to India and Britain)
1944 Hadj joined him with his parties AUMA and PPA
WWII caused a greater french consciousness. Many member of the Left Wing in France saw Algerian independence as an essential matter that needed to be addressed
Friends of Manifesto and Liberty (AML)
greater unity of the Independence movement
But a large population of the french could still not see French independence
1944 Brazaville conference --> France had no intention of letting its colonies go but would grant concessions for local assemblies
The Algerian Nationalist movement now depict greater unity amongst. Abbas now has the support of the AUMA and of the PPA with Messily Hadj. They form Friends of the Manifesto and Liberty
Greater unity leads to increasing protests. Violence erupts and the French start arresting Algerian leaders
peaceful demonstrations to remind France of the demands of the Algerian peoples
On Victory Day (May 1955), a peaceful protests was held to celebrate this suing nationalist banners which were banned. The Police started seizing Nationalist banners and used convention airfare to repress the Nationalist Movement.
police got involved
nationalist banners etc were banned --> used anyways
violence erupted --> 100 Europeans died
1000 (France) to 40000 (Algerian nationalists) Algerians were killed
to remind the French of the Algerian demands
boost to the nationalist movements but law and order was restored a month later
many were arrested or sentenced to death
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but within the French Union (no complete independence)
Movement for the Triumph of Democratic Liberties by Hadj
traditional Islam, left-wing agenda and complete independence
Special Organisation (OS) --> terrorist operations when protests were suppressed by authorities
Algerian Assembly in 1947
one house French citizens
one house representing 8 million Muslims
both having the same number of deputies and senators
political equality was disregarded
colons had immense influence and stopped anything they disagreed with
1952 Anti-French demonstrations by the OS
elections were rigged (irregular)
dead people vote, illiterate people, bribing, terrifying people, false counting
Hadj was arrested and deported to France
'era of broken promises'
even Abbas would join the FLN
National Liberation Front (FLN) was created as a continuation of the OS
1954 French were defeated in Indochina
battle of Dien Bien Phu
impact of Algerian nationalists and humiliation of French
National Algerian Movement (MNA) by Messali Hadj
basically stood for the same thing as FLN
internal violent struggle between FLN and MNA
remained a smaller movement