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Algerian Independence movement (impacts of WW2 (Algerian Assembly in 1947,…
Algerian Independence movement
impacts of WW2
Setif and Guelma massacre
May 8th 1945
peaceful demonstrations to remind France of the demands of the Algerian peoples
police got involved
nationalist banners etc were banned --> used anyways
violence erupted --> 100 Europeans died
1000 (France) to 40000 (Algerian nationalists) Algerians were killed
to remind the French of the Algerian demands
boost to the nationalist movements but law and order was restored a month later
many were arrested or sentenced to death
Algerians continue to support Free French Forces in hope they will be given more equality and independence
colons were sympathetic
especially Jews in Algeria were affected
their citizenship was taken away
anti-semitic laws were imposed
potential opposition leader from European and Muslim communities were arrested
Vichy Regime
(1940-1944)
1942/43 Algeria was freed of the Vichy Regime
Algeria represents
Free France
led by
General DeGaulle
Algiers becomes the capital of Free France
Allied Great Landings 1942/43
Abbas issues a Manifesto that shows more radical demand for a Algerian Constitution and legal equality of Muslims
The French try to appease him by issuing a new version of the Violette Plan that gave Muslim elite French citizenship. But this was not enough as just a little people would be integrated into the existing system. The plan was rejected .
The Algerian Nationalist movement now depict greater unity amongst. Abbas now has the support of the AUMA and of the PPA with Messily Hadj. They form Friends of the Manifesto and Liberty
France's collaboration with the Vichy regime who is an Ally of Nazi Germany. This results in Jewish Algerians losing their citizenship while making the life of Muslim Algerians difficult. Jew had to wear the yellow star in Algeria too.
However, a second faction of the French resisted the rule of the Vichy Regime. The Americans launch landings in the Mediterranean starting from 1942 in Algeria. This leads to a free Algeria under De Gaulle. ALGERIA becomes the capital of Free France that fights Nazism.
more expectations of the Independence movement
A Manifesto to the Algerian People
Ferhat Abbas
complete equality of Algerian Muslims
but within the French Union (no complete independence)
1944 France responded by a new version of the
Violette Plan
allowing a part (65000) of the Muslim élite gaining full citizenship and equality --> too late
trying to appease the independence movement (similar to India and Britain)
1944
Hadj
joined him with his parties
AUMA
and
PPA
Friends of Manifesto and Liberty
(
AML
)
greater unity of the Independence movement
1944
Brazaville conference
--> France had no intention of letting its colonies go but would grant concessions for local assemblies
Movement for the Triumph of Democratic Liberties
by
Hadj
traditional Islam, left-wing agenda and complete independence
Special Organisation
(
OS
) --> terrorist operations when protests were suppressed by authorities
Algerian Assembly
in 1947
one house French citizens
colons had immense influence and stopped anything they disagreed with
one house representing 8 million Muslims
both having the same number of deputies and senators
political equality was disregarded
1952
Anti-French demonstrations
by the
OS
Hadj
was arrested and deported to France
'era of broken promises'
even
Abbas
would join the
FLN
National Liberation Front
(
FLN
) was created as a continuation of the
OS
elections were rigged (irregular)
dead people vote, illiterate people, bribing, terrifying people, false counting
1954 French were defeated in Indochina
battle of Dien Bien Phu
impact of Algerian nationalists and humiliation of French
National Algerian Movement
(
MNA
) by
Messali Hadj
basically stood for the same thing as FLN
internal violent struggle between
FLN
and
MNA
remained a smaller movement
impacts of WW1
Algerians serving in the army received citizenship
1919 The Jonnart Law recognised the right that a number of the Muslim population had to vote because the contribution that many Muslim Algerians made in the War
A young Muslim leadership emerged -->
Young Algerian movement
A greater political and social consciousness of the inequalities felt by Algerians because many served in the army and thus expected equal status
Ferhat Abbas find the The Algerian Popular Union for the Acquisition of the Rights of Man and of Citizen which particularly puts emphasis on teaching Arabic in Schools
migration movement 20s (economic reasons)
Messily Hadj founded the North African Star
North African Star
1926 by
Messali Hadj
created in France
Banned by the French but initial support of French communists
Promoting the independence of Algeria as well as freedoms in France
Reorganization in 1937 under the same leadership
Algerians People's party
banned again by France
asked for complete emancipation and integration in the French Republic, later complete independence
Association of Algerian Muslim Ulama
1931
free education for all and stressing the Arabic language
religious connotation
colons rejected movement towards reform
colons rejected any power given to Algerians even pro-French évolués
a lot of power within France
Jonnart Law
1919
extending the right to vote to a number of the muslim population
Popular Front
1936 -->
Violette plan
1937
proposal to extend French citizenship with full political equality to certain classes of the Muslim "elite”
complete opposition from the colons
Ferhat Abbas
-->
The Algerian Popular Union for the Acquisition for Rights of Man and of Citizen
1938
Assimilation with France and introduction of Arabic as language of instruction in schools
1939 350000 men are mobilized in French North Africa
WWII caused a greater french consciousness. Many member of the Left Wing in France saw Algerian independence as an essential matter that needed to be addressed
But a large population of the french could still not see French independence