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Methods in Context (Questionnaires (Pratical issues (Questionnaires are…
Methods in Context
Questionnaires
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Access and response rate
Low response rates, however when conducted in schools, response rates can often be higher than in other areas
Pratical issues
Questionnaires are useful for gathering large quantities of basic factual information quickly and cheaply
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Field experiements
ROSENTHAL AND JACOBSON
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Pupils were given an IQ test and teachers were told that it identified the 20% of pupils who were likely to "spurt" in the next year. In reality the test did no such thing and the pupils were selected at random
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Lab experiments
HARVEY AND SLATIN
Used a sample of teachers. Each teacher was shown 18 photographs of hildren from different class backgrounds
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This study indicates that teachers label pupils from different social classes and use these labels to pre-judge pupils' potential
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ethical problems
Young people's vulnerability and their more limited ability to understand what is happening mean that there are greater problems of deception, lack of informed consent and psychological damage
practical problems
class size, type of school
It's impossible to control and identify all the variables that might exert an influence on teacher's expectations
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Structured observation
practical issues
Observations can be easily converted into quantitative data by counting the number of times each type of behaviour occurs
Quick, cheap and require less training
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theoretical issues
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Validity: Interpretivists sociologists criticise structured observation of classroom interaction for its lack of validity
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Interviews
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Structured
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Validity
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Better method of obtaining valid answers, because they have better verbal skills
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Participant Observation
Theoretical issues
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Representativeness
Can only be done at a small-scale, this makes representativeness virtually impossible to achieve using this method
Practical issues
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Less disruptive than INTERVIEWS, easier to gain permission
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Ethical issues
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A poor public image as a result of the research can damage a school's reputation and the education of its pupils
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Official Statistics
Practical Issues
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However, the official definitions of key concepts and issues may differ from those that sociologists use
Theoretical
Representativeness
HIGHLY REPRESENTATIVE, they cover every pupil in the country
Reliability
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However, they may change the definitions and categories
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Ethical Issues
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Enable us to check up on the performance of public bodies such as the police and schools, making sure tax payers’ money is spent efficiently
Documents
Theoretical Issues
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Validity
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Documents can provide important insights into the meanings hled by teachers and pupils and therefore are HIGH IN VALIDITY
However, all documents are open to different interpretentions
Represenativeness
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Because some documents are legally required of all schools and colleges, they are LIKELY to be representative
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