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Early Modern Europe (Intellectual (Enlightenment (Voltaire, John Locke,…
Early Modern Europe
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Columbian Exchange- caused by Columbus discovering the "new world" in 1492, exchange of plants/animals/people/disease from Europe to Americas
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Population Growth- first there was decrease b/c disease, then increase b/c food
Effects in America- millions of natives died due to disease, colonies in Americas established, Aztecs and Inca empires fell
Effects in Europe- population growth due to increased food supply of potatoes (sweet potatoes and cassava in Asia and Africa), which lead to the reduced effect of epidemic disease by the 1600s, also wealth increased even for peasants
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Exploration- caused by spice trade and Europeans wanting to avoid Muslim traders, so they explored to find new trade routes to Asia
Portugal
Henry the Navigator- Portugal, 1400s, founded school of navigation and funded Portuguese exploration
Vasco de Gama- GOLD AND CHRISTIANS, first to reach India by sea route, Portuguese
Bartholomew Dias- Portuguese, rounded the Cape of Good Hope in 1488 and reached the Indian Ocean
France- colonies in North America and coast of India, Canada and sugar islands of Caribbean, gave up Canada and India to England after the 7 years war
Spain- lead way for colonies in the New World, many conquistadors, controlled land West of line of demarcation, very motivated by Catholicism
Columbus- Italian but sailed for Spain, 1492 found the Caribbean and the New World
Magellan- 1519-1521 circumnavigated the world, allowed Spain to claim land in the Pacific (Philippines)
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Line of Demarcation- Pope Alexander VI settled a disagreement btwn Portugal and Spain by drawing a line on map where each country was given right to unclaimed land
Economics
Capitalism- businesses run privately, for profit, supply and demand regulate prices
Joint-Stock Companies- investors pool $ and sponsored exploration, weren't government run, but backed by gov. and could rule area they traded in
VOC- Dutch East India Company, 1602, focused on controlling the spice trade in Indonesia, very profitable
British East India Company- this company was founded in 1600, but was less profitable than the VOC, it focused mainly on India and cotton trade
Trading Post Empires- Portuguese, empire run by trading posts on the coast to control trade, intended to force merchant ships to pay $, Portuguese declined by late 1500s
Cottage/ Putting Out Industry- raw materials sent to rural workers who work in their cottages to turn this into cloth/ manufactured goods
Mercantilism- governments try to limit imports and maximize exports, governments focus on internal economy
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Adam Smith- wrote Wealth of Nations, first work on capitalism/ free markets without government regulation, laissez faire economics
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Religion
Deism- God as watchmaker, set everything into motion but then stepped away
Protestant Reformation- people protested the Catholic Church, movement to reform Catholic Church, questioned Papal authority, sacraments, indulgences, and priests, spread by printing press
Calvinism- founded by John Calvin, predestination, Geneva
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Martin Luther- caused the Protestant Reformation with his 95 Theses condemning the sale of indulgences
English Reformation- caused by disagreement btwn Henry 8 and Pope about his divorce, caused England to split and form Anglican Church, more political than religious
Catholic Reformation- counter reformation to win back followers, refined doctrine, increased education, founded Jesuits
Jesuits- society of Jesus, missionaries, went to China and other places, brought back Chinese influence of Confucianism
Council of Trent- how the Catholic Reformation worked out issues, focused on philosophy of St. Thomas Aquinas
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