Please enable JavaScript.

Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.

Growth of tissues and stems (External Organization of Stems (Phyllotaxy,…

- - - - survival
        
        Above dies, under lives
      - Dispersal
        
        Runners, breaks, carried
        
        grow new plants
    - - absorb moisture
    - - Herbaceous body
    - - woody body
  - - - sugar must be transported down
  - - - lay on top of the soil
      - for production of horomones
  - - - largest division in the plant kingdom
    - - waterlilies, magnolias, laurels
    - - cattails, lilies, palms, philodendrons, bromeliads
    - - roses, asters, maples,
- - - - like air pressure to a tire #
  - - - can be deformed, return back to original size and shape when pressure is released
    - - after no growth, achieved proper shape
    - - wind
      - snow
      - animals
    - - strong enough to prevent the protoplast from expanding
    - - fungi
      - other pests
      - insects
    - - short
        
        strong walls in all 3 dimensions
      - Sclerenchyma tissues
        
        act brittle and inflexible
      - masses are hard, impenetrable
      - flexibility would be a disadvantage example (brain and skull)
  - - - 80 to 100 nm thick
      - just 5 to 10 layers of cellulose micro fibrils
    - - mass of parachyma tissues
      - conduct nutrients over a long distance
        
        phloem
    - - Glandular cells
        
        Contain a few chloroplast
        
        have elevated dytosomes and Endoplasmic R.
        
        Transport sugar and mineral into themselves transform them and send the out
        
        Secrete nectar, fragrance, mucilage, resins, and oils
      - Transfer cells
        
        mediate distance transport by large plasma membrane
        
        capable of holding numerous molecular pumps
        
        increase surface area, having extensive knobs ridges, ingrowths on the inner surface of walls
      - chlorenchyma
        
        Involved in photosynthesis
        
        Numerous chloroplasts
        
        Thin walls let light and CO2 pass through
        
        to the chloroplast
    - - little glucose used to build thin walls
- - - - conducts water and minerals
      - water and minerals enter through roots and are conducted upward to leaves and stems
      - sap travels through dead, hollow cells not through living cells
      - once in shoots water evaporates from surface if stem, leaves flowers and is lost
        
        the minerals and a bit of water are used by surrounding cells
    - - Distributes sugar and minerals
      - living cells
      - pick up sugar from areas where it is abundant
        
        usually leaves during the summer and tubers or rhizomes in spring and transport to where sugar is needed
        
        growing tips of shoots, roots, young leaves and flowers
      - Summer carries sugar into developing fruits and into the storage organs of perennial plants
      - because sugar is dissolved to be conducted water is transported simultaneously
  - - - Tracheids elements #
      - Vessel elements #
    - - Simplest type of element, small amount of secondary wall, organized as a set of rings
      - does not provide strength
    - - the 2ndary wall exist as one to three helices interior to the primary wall
    - - provides much more strength because the 2ndary wall underlies most of the inner surface of the primary wall and is fairly extensive
    - - the 2ndary wall is deposited in the shape of a net as the name suggests.
    - - the most derived and strongest tracheary elements
    - - is digested through a particular site if the primary wall, often removing the entire end wall
    - - an entire sack of vessle elements
  - - - fungi
      - small insects
      - bacteria
    - - a single layer of parachyma cells
    - - passing animals
      - leaves and stems that might be to close
      - dust
    - - a fatty substance that makes the wall impenetrable to water
      - Cuticle
        
        builds up as more or less pure layers
    - - with a hole
        
        swell by absorbing water
      - stomatal pore
        
        in between them
        
        open up in the daytime letting CO2 enter the plant
      - work together to make the stoma
    - - epidermal cells elongate outward
      - make it difficult for animals to land, walk chew on leaf
      - shade underlying tissues by blocking some incoming sunlight
      - create immobile air next to the leaf surface
        
        Allows water molecules to diffuse out of the stoma to bounce back in rather than be swept away by air currents
      - occurs in many shapes and sizes
        
        stinging nettle
  - - - an open tissue with large inter cellular air spaces
  - - - Sieve cells
      - sieve tube membrane
    - - occurs in groups ( primary pits fields);
        
        therefore; sieve pores also occur clustered together in groups called
        
        sieve area
    - - immature sieve begin to differ, their plasmodesmata enlarge to a diameter of more than 1 *m
    - - remain alive during differentiation
        
        Plasma membrane that lined the plasmodesma continues to line the sieve pore
- - - - The region between nodes
  - - - A mini shoot with a dormant apical meristem &several young leaves
      - either a vegeative bud (branch or floral bud.
  - - - important no shading each other
    - - 2 per node
    - - 1 per node
    - - 3 or more per node
  - - - vertical shoots become a new plant