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Ch 5 Tissues and the Primary Growth of Stems (Stem Growth and…
Ch 5 Tissues and the Primary Growth of Stems
Basic Types of Cells and Tissues
Parenchyma
only have primary wall
remain thin
most common type of cell and tissue in plants :!!:
makes up
soft leaves
petals
fruits
seeds
SUBTYPES
Grandular
secret:
nectar
fragrances
mucilage :question:
resins
oils
few chloroplasts
transports:
sugar
minerals
Chlorenchyma
involved in photosynthesis
thin walls
numerous chloroplasts
Transfer
short distance transport
increase surface area through extensive knobs
Some die at maturity
easy to build
involves little glucose
Collenchymara
mainly thin
except in corners
Relatable to clay
plasticity
can be deformed by pressure & retains new shape :open_mouth:
long and flexible
grape stems :grapes:
require a lot of glucose
produced on shoot tips and young petioles
Sclerenchyma
both
primary cell wall
thick secondary cell wall
elastic
goes back to original shape
detrimental
wind
animals
snow
supports plant itself
does not droop
Two Types
Mechanical
fibers
strong
sclereids
cuboidal
Conducting
transports water
vascular cell
External Organizations of Stems
Stem
Axis
Shoot
stem + leaves, flower, &/or bud
Nodes
where leaves are attached
Internodes
regions between nodes
Leaf Axil
stem area just above point where leaf attaches
Axillary Bud
miniature shoot
atypical meristem
young leaves
terminal bud
extreme tip of each stem
phyllotaxy
arrangement of leaves on stem
important to not shade each other
Rhizomes
fleshy horizontal stems
allow plant to spread underground
Tubers
grow only short period
storing nutrients
potatoes
Internal Organizations of Stems: Arrangement of Primary Tissues
Epidermis
Outermost surface of stem
single layer of living parenchyma
barrier against invasion
shields internal cell
animals
dust
other leaves or stems
Cutin
fatty substance that makes cell impermeable to water
can inhibit CO2 from entering
Stroma fixes this
trichomes
hairs
Cortex
interior to epidermis
photosynthetic parenchyma
cells are compact
Vascular Tissues
xylem
conduct water and minerals
phloem
distribute sugars and minerals
not circulatory system
Xylem
two types of conducting cells
tracheids
tracheary elements
vessel elements
annular thickenings
secondary wall organized as rings
scalariform thickening
provides more strength
conducts water and minerals
Phloem
two types of conducting cells
"sieve element"
sieve cells
albuminous cells
sieve tubes members
companion cells
parenchyma cells
must be alive to conduct
Vascular Bundles
interior to cortex
pith
region of parenchyma similar to cortex
all are collateral
xylem and phloem strands running parallel
primary xylem
primary plant body
primary phloem
Stem Growth and Differentiation
apical meristems
stems grow longer by creating new cells at their tips
suapical meristem
below apical meristems
producing cells for region below
cells dividing and growing
metaxylem
largest tracheary elements
protophloem
exterior cells
Protoderm
epidermal cells in early stages for differentiation
provascular tissues
young cells of xylem and phloem
Primary Tissues
tissues produced by apical meristems
Primary Growth
growth and formation from apical meristem
