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Antioxidants (consist of (minerals (including (selenium (Thyroid hormones,…

- - - - selenium
        
        Gluthathione Peroxidase
        
        cell membranes
        
        lost in
        
        food production
        
        which is
        
        not a concern
        
        too much
        
        toxicity
        
        caused by
        
        inappropriate supplement use
        
        with symptoms of
        
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        too little
        
        deficiency
        
        leads to
        
        Keshan Disease (heart disease)
        
        seen in
        
        areas where people primarily eat local foods and soil is depleted of Selenium
        
        food sources
        
        found in
        
        protein in animal foods
        
        such as
        
        meats (esp. organ meats)
        
        Seafood
        
        shellfish
        
        milk
        
        eggs
        
        protein in plant foods
        
        such as
        
        grains & seeds grown in Se-rich soils
        
        any fresh produce grown in Se rich soils
        
        amino aicds
        
        high biodiversity
        
        Thyroid hormones
        
        BMR, growth and development and body temperature
        
        Converting thyroxine to triiodothyronine
    - - free radicals
        
        damage
        
        nuclear DNA
        
        cellular proteins
        
        cell membranes
        
        blood low density lipoprotein
        
        formed in
        
        metabolic processes
        
        including
        
        Oxygen accepting extra electrons
        
        splitting bonds between molecules
        
        exposure to environmental factors
        
        including
        
        excessive sunlight
        
        radiation exposure
        
        pollution
        
        toxic substances
        
        tobacco smoke
        
        target
        
        nucleotides
        
        proteins
        
        lipids
        
        are
        
        unstable atoms
        
        examples
        
        superoxide radical
        
        hydroxyl radical
        
        nitric oxide
  - - - fat-soluble vitamins
        
        including
        
        beta-carotene
        
        protects
        
        skin and eyes
        
        against oxidation of cell membranes
        
        may reduce
        
        risk of cancer and atherosclerosis
        
        neutralizes
        
        lipids and LDL
        
        food sources
        
        from
        
        plants
        
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        has
        
        pro-inflammatory effect
        
        at
        
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        Anti-inflammatory effect
        
        at
        
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        too much
        
        toxicity
        
        causes
        
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        has
        
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        too little
        
        deficiency
        
        associated with
        
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        has
        
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        is a
        
        non-essential nutrient
        
        Vitamin A(retinol)
        
        Vision
        
        Rods, cones and cornea
        
        may reduce
        
        risk of cancer and atherosclerosis
        
        Risk of heart disease
        
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        too little
        
        deficiency
        
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        too much
        
        toxicity
        
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        need for
        
        production of immune cells
        
        quenches
        
        Needed for
        
        Growth, development and reproduction
        
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        Maintains
        
        Health of mucous membranes in epithelial tissue
        
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        including
        
        Vitamin E
        
        to
        
        activate antioxidant form
        
        stops
        
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        prevents
        
        cell membrane destruction
        
        from
        
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        food sources
        
        predominantly found in
        
        plant foods
        
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        too much
        
        toxicity
        
        most likely caused by
        
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        codes for
        
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        common consequences
        
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        too little
        
        deficiency
        
        associate with
        
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        preterm infants at higher risk
        
        causes
        
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        lost in
        
        food production
        
        protects against
        
        heart disease
        
        found in
        
        cell membranes, mitochondrial and nuclear membranes, tissue fat
        
        DNA and other cell compounds from oxidizing damage, LDL and lung membranes from oxidation
        
        maintains
        
        integrity in cell, nuclear, mitochondrial membrane
        
        iron metabolism
        
        needed for
        
        maintenance of nerve and immune systems
        
        reduces
        
        platelet aggregation
        
        inhibiting enzyme (protein kinase C)
        
        has
        
        moderate biodiversity
        
        Vitamin A
        
        Retinoids
        
        Including
        
        Retinal
        
        Retinoids acid
        
        Animal food
        
        Carotenoids
        
        Plant food
      - water-soluble vitamins
        
        including
        
        Vitamin C
        
        donates to
        
        lost in
        
        food preparation
        
        exposed to
        
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        destroyed by
        
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        prevented by
        
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        food sources
        
        founds in
        
        plants
        
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        non-antioxidant roles
        
        enhances
        
        absorption of iron
        
        synthesizes
        
        collagen
        
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        immune cell action and function
        
        thyroxine
        
        regulates
        
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        steroid hormones (e.g., cortisol)
        
        neurotransmitters –epinephrine
        
        compounds used for DNA synthesis
        
        act in
        
        intracellular and extracellular fluid compartments
        
        reduces
        
        formation of nitrosamines –potential carcinogenic substances in stomach
        
        keeps
        
        folate (B-vitamin) coenzyme intact
        
        too little
        
        deficiency
        
        causes
        
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        people at risk: alcoholics, smokers, burn patients
        
        too much
        
        toxicity
        
        causes
        
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        prevents
        
        oxidation of fat-soluble vitamins
        
        2 stable forms
        
        ascorbic acid (reduced form)
        
        dehydroascorbic acid (oxidized form)
        
        Enzymes Performance
    - - unpaired electrons
        
        containing