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Ch 6: Emotional development and attachment relationships (Emotional…
Ch 6: Emotional development and attachment relationships
Introduction
Emotional context, maturity and engagement
Darwin
Ekman: Inside out + surprise
Evolution
Influence from other individuals in emotion. Ex: birds singing
Attachment relationships
Bowlby's theory of attachment
Attachment as innative drive
Primary drive to have a close relationship with the caregiver
The phases of attachment
Pre-attachment period, little differentiation
Beginning to recognise the caregiver
Goal-corrected (recognition of caregiver's needs and motives) relationship with caregiver
Mary Ainsworth and the strange situation procedure
Different attachment types
Secure, insecure, insecure-disorganised
Factors predicting attachment security
Internal working models and the Adult Attachment Interview (AAI)
Interview
Interactions used as templates for later relations
Attachment category in adults
Autonomous
Clear valuing of personal relationships
Dismissing
Cannot remember childhood events
Preoccupied
Unable to move-on, issues relating to childhood problems
Unresolved
Feelings influenced by death of a loved one or trauma
Assessing internal working models in children
Pictures, videos and strange situation test for example
Parental AAI classification and infant-parent attachment
Parents represent their own childhood relationship with their own children
Longitudinal stability in attachment security
Not really sure that predictive relations over long-term are affected by longitudinal infancy attachment behaviours
Emotional development
Expressing and recognizing emotional expressions
Expresions innate?
Newborns produce them?
Cross- cultural evidence, pretty close but stil doesn't mean that they are innate
Expression of emotions in infancy
Adults' discrimination
Really good at it, even with malformations
Basic and complex emotions
Basic are innate, not so sure about the other ones
Infant discrimination of facial expressions
Habituation-Dishabituation technique. Does not mean they understand the meaning however
Emphathising?
Infants tend to copy the emotions, doesn't mean meaning
Social referencing
Visual cliff experiment
Emotion understanding
The use of language related suggests understanding
Emotion understanding tasks
Puppet expressing an emotion and infants saying the emotion it felt
During play, understanding the emotions of other infants and giving a response
Whatching the experimenter react to two types of food and giving the type of food the experimenter liked
Emotion regulation
Children then to be bad at hiding their true feelings, the ones who regulate their feelings tend to have a better future. Ex: Marshmellow test
Child temperament (quality of inhibition)
Studied through behaviour questionnaires, children devided into 6 clusters, 1 really low education efficiency and 6 the really high educated ones
Related to genetics and can predict behaviour in a small portion
Three areas
Recognising different emotions
Understanding of emotions
Empathising emotions