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Crusader leaders (Amalric (1163-1174) (Diplomatic skill (Pursued alliance…

- - - - Amalric supported his mother, Melisende against Baldwin III
      - Baldwin was able to remove Melisende from politics in 1152
      - Amalric only inherited throne b/c Baldwin died at 33 in 1163 + had no heirs
    - - b/c Amalric was married to their kinsmen, Agnes of Courtenay
    - - Had to conquer Egypt to prevent Nur al Din from doing so
        
        to avoid being surrouned by united forces in both Syria and Egypt
        
        didn't want wealth of Port of Alexandria and Nile Delta going to enemies
        
        Could do with the money himself
  - - - Attacked fortress of Bilbais
      - Nur al-Din attacked Harim + Amalric was forced to return to Jerusalem
        
        1164: Battle of Harim
        
        Both Bohemond III of Antioch + Raymond of Tripoli captured
        
        most of 600 knights killed
        
        Nur al-DIn destroyed crops + captured towns on border of Antioch
        
        Amalric forced to return from Egyptian campaign empty handed
      - 1167
        
        Amalric marched into Egypt to prevent Shirkuh's attempt to try and claim Egypt
        
        Shirkuh took Alexandria
        
        Amalric besieged it
        
        Truce reached and Amalric temporarily took Alexandria before both sided left in Autumn
        
        Didn't take Egypt but prevented Nur al din from taking it as well and gained time to get support from Byzantines and West
      - OCtober 1168
        
        invaded Egypt w/ Pisan fleet
        
        Either b/c he thought Shawar was about to ally w/ Shirkuh or because hospitallers wanted the land
        
        sacked Bilbais brutally
        
        Alienated Shawar + he allied w/ Shirkuh who had Shawar assasinated
        
        Shirkuh now ruler of Egypt = Outremer surrounded by ppl who could cut off supplies + help coming in from the sea
    - - joint w/ huge Byzantine fleet
      - forced to withdraw
  - - - 1167: allied w/ Pisans fleet to aid him in Egyptian campaign against Shirkuh
      - 1174: Allied w/ Scicillians for attack after Nur al-Din's death
    - - Allied w/ Sultan of Egypt, Shawar, in permanent peace
      - reached a truce w/ Shirkuh where both sides leave Egypt at Alexandria
    - - 1167: married Maria, Manuel's niece + envoys negotiated agreement for joint attack on Egypt
      - 1169: Byzantine fleet helped try to take Damietta but they failed
      - Amalric went to Constantinople to swear alliegance to Manuel in 1171
    - - 1163-5: wrote letters to Louis to try and get him to launch another crusade but he refused
      - 1169: Archbishop Frederick of Tyre sent to West to ask for crusade
        
        Pope issued bull calling crusade
        
        Frederick looked to Henry II and Louis VII to lead crusae
        
        was able to reconcile 2 kings + Henry w/ Thomas Beckett = looked like crusade was going to go ahead
        
        Murder of Thomas Becket = Frederick returned w/ no support
  - - - Solved dispute by annulling his marriage to Agnes of Courtenay on grounds of being related
        
        Baldwin and Sybil were declared his legitimate children = easy succession
    - - gained noble support w/ 10% tax on moveable to finance campaign in Egypt
      - gained their support in raising an army against Shirkuh
    - - may have convinced Amalric to launch premature attack on Egypt b/c they wanted more land to finance their presence in Outremer
- - - - would not live long or have heirs
      - Had to rely on regents for his reign
  - - - 1174: Regent was Miles of Plancy but he was murdered
      - 1176: regent was Raymond of Tripoli
        
        Arranged for William of Montferrat to marry Sybil, Baldwin's sister
        
        William died in 1177
        
        After baldwin came of age his regency ended and returned to Jerusalem
        
        Reynald of Chatillon becomes regent
      - Guy of Lusignan in Spring 1182
        
        inexperienced in leading in east = opponents said he was incompetent and wasted resources on large army
        
        Baldwin stripped Guy of regency
        
        Baldwin V is crowned co-king + Baldwin tried to annul Guy's marriage to Sybil to reduce his power but Guy refused
    - - July 1176: Dispute over who should take Egypt meant joint attack was abandoned
        
        Settlers said it should be part of Kingdom of Jerusalem
        
        Phillip of Flanders wanted to take it
      - Sep 1177: Raymond and Bohemond went to Jerusalem to mount a coup
        
        wanted to marry balian of Ibelin to Sybil
        
        William had died so saw opportunity there
        
        Baldwin married Sybil to Guy of Lusignan instead
        
        Led to splits in nobility + increased factionalism = hawks and doves
    - - Baldwin V born Summer 1177
      - 1184: decided that if Baldwin V died Western committee should decide who should succeed
    - - Baldwin IV died 1185 + raymond concluded truce w/ Saladin
      - Baldwin V died later in 1185
        
        Raymond of Tripoli tried to gather support in Tiberias
        
        Guy gathers support in Jerusalem
        
        Sybil crowned queen and choses him as King
        
        Raymond tries to put Isabella + Humphry on the throne but Humphrey refuses
        
        Raymond + Balian refuse to swear alleigance to Guy
        
        Raymond rumoured to have allied w/ Saladin
  - - - 1176: Baldwin, Phillip of Flanders + Byzantines to launch joint attack on Egypt
        
        Byzantines + Phillip insisted on keeping some land if successful
        
        settler nobles refused
        
        didn't attack
      - 1184: Alliance w/ greeks ended b/c they feared Saladin's strength + Baldwin's weakness
    - - 1180: factional infighting meant all royal women married to locals so couldn't be used as bargaining tool w/ western franks
      - 1180: Templars went west + Pope called crusade blaming Baldwin + saying leprosy was judgement of God
        
        Money given but no one went b/c Henry II didn't want to inherit Jerusalem
        
        Another papal call for crusade in 1181 failed b/c Phillip and Henry were uninterested
    - - 1180: Baldwin agreed 2 year truce so he could deal w/ internal issues
  - - - Reynald + Baldwin defeated Saladin at Montisgard
        
        West thought that Baldwin was strong so refused aid
    - - Castle 55 km from Damascus
      - Templars garrisoned it (80 knigts and 900 infantry)
      - August 1179 - Saladin attacked Jacob's Ford, fell within 5 days Templars + archers executed
    - - Saladin blockaded Beirut w/ Egyptian navy
      - Frankish + pisan fleet drove them off
    - - 1182-3: attacked Muslim pilgrims and trade (attacked 17 caravans) + used warships on red sea
        
        Franks were captured and Saladin killed Christians in his lands