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Chapter 6: The Skeletal System (6-6: Skeletal Organization (Axial - bones…
Chapter 6: The Skeletal System
6-1: Bone Function
Support
Protection
Body
Movement
Hematopolesis
: blood cell formation
Inorganic
Salt
Storage
: calcium, phosphorus
Energy Storage
: yellow marrow
6-2: Bone Structure
Long Bones
- consist of a shaft with two ends (femur, humerus)
Diaphysis
- shaft
Epiphyses
- expanded ends
Epiphyseal
line
- disk/plate
Periosteum
- outer fibrous covering diaphysis
Endosteum
- inner lining of medullary cavity
Articular
Cartilage - hyaline cartilage
Short Bones:
cube :-liked (carpals, tarsals)
spongy bone, 2 layers on compact bone
hematopoletic tissue (red marrow)
Flat Bones
- thin and usually curved (skull, sternum, scapula, rubs)
Osteoblast
- matrix
Osteocytes
- derived from osteoblasts
Ostepclasts
- functions and resorption
Irregular Bones
- not short, long, or flat (vertebrae, auditory ossicles)
Sesamoid Bones
- develop within the tendon (patella)
Compact Bone
- Haversian System, lie in lacunae that lay in matrix that salt in lamellae.
Canaliculi
- connect the lacunae of osteocytes
Volkmann's canals
- connect the blood and nerves supply of adjacent.
Spongy Bone
- consist of poorly organized trabeculae
6-3: Bone Development & Growth
Intramembranous Ossification
- when a bone forms on or within a fibrous membrane.
Endochondral Ossification
- occurs when a bone is formed from a hyaline cartilage model.
Primary
- center hardens as fetus and infant
Secondary
- center develop in child and harden during adolescence and early adulthood.
Zone of resting cartilage
- near epiphysis, small, scattered chondrocytes, anchor plate to epiphysis.
Zone of proliferating cartiage
- larger chondrocytes that resemble a stack of coins, divide to replace those that die at the diaphyseal surface of the epiphysis.
Zone of hypertrophic cartilage
- extremely large chondrocytes that are arranged in columns, maturing cells.
6-4: Remodeling & Homeostatic Mechanisms
Parathyroid Hormone
- blood calcium levels low, stimulates osteoclast, dietary
Calcification
- thyroid gland, blood calcium levels high, increases osteoblast
6-6: Skeletal Organization
Axial
- bones from skull, thyroid bone, vertebral column and thoracic cage
Appendicular
- limbs of upper & lower extremities (pelvic)
Cranium - (8) Frontal, occipital,(foramen magnum, occipital condyles) sphenoid, ethnoid, parietal, temporal (zygomatic, styloid process)
Frontal -
Palatine, maxilla, zygomatic, lacrimal, nasal, inferior nasal chonchae, mandible(temporomandibular joint) Hyoid bones
Vertebral Column -
Cervical (7), Thoracic (12), Lumbar (5), Sacrum (5), coccyx (3-5)
Curvatures -
Primary (thoracic, pelvic), Secondary ( cervical, lumbar)
Typical Vertebral -
body, vertebral arch, vertebral foremen, spinous process, transverse process
Thoracic Cage -
ribs (24) true (14), false (10), Floating (2)
Sternum -
manubrium, body (middle), xiphoid process