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Anxiety (Types of Anxiety (Trait and state anxiety are inextricably…
Anxiety
Types of Anxiety
Trait and state anxiety are inextricably linked.
Individuals high in trait anxiety experience state anxiety more frequently and in higher magnitudes than do individuals with low trait anxiety (Spielberger, 1985)
most people experience state anxiety many times each day (see Jordan et al., 2011).
trait anxiety (e.g., Endler, 1980; Eysenck, 1979, 1992, 1997; Kantor, Endler, Heslegrave, & Ko- covski, 2001),
state anxiety, a transient emotion that anyone can experience (e.g., Gino, Brooks, & Schweitzer, 2012)
Effects
Positive
feel anxious far in advance of an event, it can motivate effort and preparation through a process called defensive pessimism;
they work harder to avoid potential negative outcomes and prepare more thoroughly (e.g., Norem & Chang, 2002)
can increase effort on simple or well-learned tasks (e.g., Derks, Scheepers, Van Laar, & Ellemers, 2011; Scheepers, 2009).
Yerkes-Dodson law describes an inverted U-shaped relationship between anxiety and performance
Very low or high levels of anxiety are harmful, but moderate levels of anxiety may improve motivation (e.g., Eysenck, Derakshan, Santos, & Calvo, 2007).
Negative
feeling very anxious shortly before or during a task tends to harm cognition and performance see Eysenck, 1992, for a review
Anxiety drains working memory and limits information processing see Eysenck, 1992, for a review
Anxious individuals waste working memory on processes like worrying and ruminating instead of focusing on the task at hand see Eysenck, 1992, for a review
negatively influences motivational mechanisms
risk aversion and self-confidence (Han et al., 2007; Rag- hunathan & Pham, 1999).
state anxiety lowers self-efficacy, the belief that one can succeed on a specific task (see Bandura, 1997, for a review)
Low self-confidence, in turn, profoundly influences decision making and behavior (Brooks & Schweitzer, 2011)
anxious individuals seek out and rely more heavily on advice (Gino et al., 2012).
Definition: State of distress
High arousal, negative valence, uncertainty, and a low sense of control (Gray, 1991; Raghunathan & Pham, 1999; C. Smith & Ellsworth, 1985)
Minimal threat or Significant threat (Tallis, Eysenck, & Mathews, 1992)
Change over one's life span
anticipated separation from a primary caregiver at 12 months (Carlson & Sroufe, 1995)
monsters and ghosts around age 4 (Lentz, 1985)
public speaking in adolescence and adulthood (e.g., Bamber, 1974)