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SOUL, MIND AND BODY, Materialism (Arguments against the soul (problem of…
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Materialism
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Richard Dawkins
believes the soul is a mythological concept invented by the ancients to explain the mysteries of consciousness
The Selfish Gene
Dawkins argues that we are human animals, the sum of our total DNA
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Even though he rejects the idea of a soul in the religious or platonic sense he suggests that there may be a place for a metaphorical 'soul'
Soul one: traditional view of a principle of life, a real separate thing that is spiritual and contains personality. DAWKINS REJECTS THIS
Soul two: as defined by the Oxford English Dictionary refers to 'intellectual or spiritual power. High development of the mental faculties. Deep feeling and sensitivity' :
this is a meaningful way of describing ourselves argues Dawkins provided we are clear that this does not refer to a separate thing
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Aristotle
Different types of souls
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they are made up of irrational and rational parts which consist of abilities that plants and animals have
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in terms of our identity, there is no separate thing called the soul. The mind is just our word for the brain
Dualism
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Case For Dualism
we have experiences of consciousness and qualia, we cannot reduce the quality of experiences to a description of an atom
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PLATO AND DUALISM
Plato says that the soul is reason, spirit (our willpower) and desire and emotions
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the soul cannot be split into parts, the body and soul are opposites
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The Horse Analogy
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One of the horses is well behaved but the other isn't. Plato then expands on this saying that there are three aspects presented in the soul, the reason, spirit and appetite (or desire).
He says that the soul works best when the charioteer (reason) is in charge. However, the horses often pull in different directions, so our appetite can lead us to unhelpful things so we need our spirit to make us determined to do the right thing.
Arguments for the soul
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opposites, everything has an opposite, body and soul are opposties
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