Please enable JavaScript.

Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.

Organic Chemistry (Alkanes (Naming (Root (1: Meth, 2: Eth, 3: Prop, 4: But…

- - - - 1: Meth
      - 2: Eth
      - 3: Prop
      - 4: But
      - 5: Pent
      - 6: Hex
      - 7: Hept
      - 8: Oct
    - - 2: di-
      - 3: tri-
      - 4: tetra-
  - - - Complete combustion:
        
        Alkane + Oxygen –––> Carbon Dioxide + Water
      - Larger hydrocarbon » more oxygen required.
      - Insufficient oxygen » incomplete combustion
        
        Produces carbon monoxide (CO) + Water
        
        Can produce just carbon (C) » yellow, sooty flame
    - - Occurs when alkanes are exposed to ultraviolet light
      - Substitution reaction
      - Hydrogen atom is replaced by a bromine atom
      - Hydrogen bromide is also produced
      - eg. CH4 + Br2 ––UV––> CH3Br + HBr
    - - Alkane vapour passed over heated catalyst » thermal decomposition
      - Alkane –––> Alkane + Alkene
      - Sometimes resultant alkane –––> alkene + hydrogen
        
        hydrogen can be burned as fuel
      - Catalyst: mixture of silicon dioxide and aluminium oxide (silica and alumina) at 600-700°c
      - Crude oil is mainly longer alkanes
        
        Longer alkanes have less demand
        
        Cracking creates shorter alkanes which are in higher demand
- - - - Alkene + Oxygen –––> Carbon Dioxide / Carbon Monoxide / Carbon + Water
      - Burn with a sootier flame than alkanes — higher carbon to hydrogen ratio
    - - C=C double bond is weak » more reactive than saturated hydrocarbon
      - C=C is broken to leave C–C
      - Hydrogenation:
        
        CH2=CH2 + H2 ––Nickel Catalyst + 150°––> CH3–CH3
      - Hydration:
        
        Ethene + Water ––Phosphoric Acid Catalyst + 300° + 60-70 atmospheres––> CH2(OH)–CH3
      - Bromination
        
        Ethene + Br2 –––> CH2Br–CH2Br
        
        Can be used to test saturation of hydrocarbons
        
        A few drops of bromine water (Br2(aq)) are shaken with compound
        
        Orange bromine water will decolourise if unsaturated
        
        If saturated, it will remain orange
    - - (Alkene) monomer + monomer –––> polymer
      - Polymers are saturated
      - Increase in mass, chain length and size
      - Polymers
        
        (poly)ethene
        
        Uses:
        
        Low density: carrier bags
        
        High density: plastic bottles and packaging
        
        AKA Polythene
        
        H H
        | |
        C=C
        | |
        H H
        
        (poly)propene
        
        H CH3
        | |
        C=C
        | |
        H H
        
        Uses:
        
        Ropes
        
        Crates
        
        Stronger than polyethene—methyl side-chains prevent polymer chains from easily sliding past each other
        
        (poly)chloroethene
        
        AKA vinyl, PVC
        
        Uses:
        
        Doors, window frames, drainpipes
        
        Floor coverings, peculiar clothing
        
        Insulation for electric cables
        
        H Cl
        | |
        C=C
        | |
        H H
- - - - Hydrocarbons are simple covalent molecules—weak forces between molecules
    - - Larger hydrocarbon » stronger forces between molecules » higher boiling point