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Attribution (Weiner's model of attribution (Strengths: (Can be applied…
Attribution
Attribution theory is linked to motivation. The reasons, excuses and justifications performers give for winning, losing or drawing in competition.
Attributions are the perceived causes of a particular outcome. In sport, these are often the reasons performers give for the results they achieve.
Attributions are important because they effect motivation, which in turn affects future performances, future effort and whether the individual continues to participate in sport.
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Sports performers who lose tend to attribute their failure to external causes, while those who succeed usually attribute their success to internal causes. This is known as self-serving bias.
Controllability
Weiner added a third dimension to his model - the dimension of controllability, which he thought reflected the view that performers have more or less personal control over event outcomes.
This dimension takes into consideration whether a cause for sports outcome is controllable or uncontrollable.
Coaches tend to praise efforts and controllable success, and punish or criticise lack of effort and controllable failures. Concentrating on uncontrollable external and stable factors is not much use if a performer wants to turn failure into success.
Learned helplessness
This refers to the belief that failure is inevitable and a feeling of hopelessness when faced with a particular situation or groups of situations.
Low achievers often attribute their failure to uncontrollable factors, which can lead to learned helplessness.
High achievers are athletes who are oriented towards mastery and see failure as a learning experiences, and who will attribute failure to controllable unstable factors. The need to achieve athletes are not afraid of failing and will persist with a task until they succeed.