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Peripheral Nervous System and Endocrine System (Cranial Nerves (I -…
Peripheral Nervous System and Endocrine System
Cranial Nerves
I - Olfactory: sense of smell (sensory)
II - Optic: arises from retina of the eye and functions in visions (sensory)
III - Oculomotor: muscles of eye, eyelid, and pupillary constriction (Motor)
IV - Trochlear: superior oblique muscle of eye
V - Trigeminal: Motor-chewing; sensory-Skin of the face (Mixed)
VI - Abducens: lateral rectus eye muscle abducts the eye (Motor)
VII - Facial: Motor-muscles of facial expression; Sensory- taste (Mixed)
VIII - Vestibulococholear: Hearing and equilibrium/ balance (Sensory)
IX - Glossopharyneal: Motor-secretion of saliva; sensory-taste, regulation of blood pressure, and proprioception of muscles involved in swallowing (Mixed)
X - Vagus: Motor-smooth muscle contraction and relaxation, digestive tract movement; Sensory-from visceral organ it supplies and proprioception (Mixed)
XI - Accessory: Motor-swallowing and movement of head; Sensory-proprioception (Motor)
XII - Hypoglassal: Motor-movement of tongue during speech and swallowing; sensory- proprioception
Divisions of the Autonomic Nervous Systems
Differences in Functions
Sympathetic Division
Associated with the "fight or flight"
Originates in thoracolumbar segments of spinal cord
Short pre-ganglion and long post-ganglionic neuron
Neurotransmitters: Epinephrine and Norephinephrine
Parasympathetic Division
Associated with the "daily" body functions
...Originates in brainstem and sacral
Long pre-ganglion and short post-ganglionic neurons
Neurotransmitters: Acetylcholine (Ach)
Effects of Parasympathetic and Sympathetic on Organs
Eyes: S - Dilates pupils; PS - Constricts pupils
Salivary Glands: S - Weak stimulation of salivary flow; PS - Strong stimulation of salivary flow
Heart: S - Accelerates heart, constricts arterioles; PS - Inhibits heart, dilates arterioles
Lungs: S - Dilates bronchi; PS - Constricts bronchi
Urinary Bladder: S - Relaxes the bladder; PS - Contracts bladder
Reproductive Organs: S - stimulates ejaculation; PS - stimulates erection
Endocrine Organs, Hormones, and Function
Pineal Gland
Controls melatonin which controls sleep cycle, alertness, and temperature
Hypothalamus
Produces hormones that stimulates the pituitary gland
Pituitary Gland
"master gland" that signals other glands to produce their hormones when needed
Anterior Lobe: makes and releases hormones under the control of hypothalamus
Posterior Lobe: stores and secretes hormones that are made in the hypothalamus and release them to the rest of the body as necessary
Antidiurectic Hormone (ADH) - regulates fluid balance by increasing body fluid volume and decreasing urine output
Oxytocin - stimulates contraction of the uterus during labor and milk "let-down" or ejection from aveoli
Thyroid Gland
Thyroid Hormone - control the basal metabolic rate controlled by TSH
Calcitonin - decrease blood calcium levels
Parathyroid Gland
Parathyroid Hormone(PTH) - increase blood calcium levels
Thymus Gland
Thymosin Hormone - stimulates the development of the T-cells involved in the immune response
Pancreas
Controls blood sugar levels
Insulin - decrease blood glucose
Glucagon - increases blood glucose
Adrenal Gland
Glucocorticords or cortisol - responds to stress an injury and release anti-flammatory
Activated by ACTH
Epinephrine (adrenaline) - stimulates the "fight or flight" response
Testes
Releases testosterone
Ovaries
Releases estrogen
Hormones of the Pituitary Gland
Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) - stimulates egg maturation in the ovary and release sex hormones
Lutenizing Hormone (LH) -Both involved with development of ovaries and testes
Adrenocorticoctropic hormone (ACTH) - stimulates the adrenal gland to release cortisol
Human Growth Hormone (HGH) - stimulates growth during infancy and puberty
Prolactin - initiates and maintains milk secretion
Thyroid Stimulating Hormones - control basal metabolirate by releasing thyroxine
Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone (MSH) - stimulates production of melanin in the skins