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Variation and Evolution (Adult Cell Cloning (A small electric shock…
Variation and Evolution
Variation
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Or the conditions in which the organisms develop, or both
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Selective Breeding
Desired characteristics include: disease resistance, increased food production in animals and plants, domestic dogs with gentle nature, heavily scented flowers etc.
Problems can occur with selective breeding including defects in some animals due to lack of variation
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Genetic Engineering
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In genetic engineering, genes from the chromosomes of humans and other organisms can be 'cut out' using enzymes and transferred to the cells of bacteria and other organisms using a vector, which is usually a bacterial plasmid or virus
GM crops often have improved resistance to insect attack or herbicides and generally produce a higher yield
Genes can be transferred to the cells of animals and plants at an early stage of their development so they can develop desired characteristics (called genetic engineering)
Cloning
Taking cuttings is an older and simpler method of producing many identical new plants from a parent plant, it is widely used by gardeners
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Transplanting cloned embryos involved splitting apart cells from a developing animal embryo before they become specialised and the transplanting the identical embryos into host mothers
A modern technique for clning plants is tissue culture using small groups of cells taken from part of a plant to grow identical new plants
Adult Cell Cloning
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When the embryo has developed into a ball of cells, it is inserted into the womb of an adult female to continue its development
The nucleus from an adult body cell, such as a skin cell is inserted into the empty egg cell
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In adult cell cloning, the nucleus is removed from an unfertilised egg cell
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