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Why did the Third Crusade fail to take Jerusalem? (Internal rivalries,…
Why did the Third Crusade fail to take Jerusalem?
Internal rivalries, Faction, Disunity
Eastern Franks
Conrad VS Guy
Conrad was Phil's relative
Guy was Richard's vassal
was married to Sybil and was King of Jerusalem
Conrad's argument against Guy
Guy had lost the Kingdom
Had a weak claim (through marriage to Sybil?)
Eastern nobles hated him (lead by Raymond)
Conrad held the only city in the Kingdom that hadn't fallen (Tyre) so felt that he should be King
Guy had been captured by Saladdin at the Battle of Hattin
Events
Spring 1189: Conrad locks Guy out of Tyre = risks capture by Saladdin
Summer - Oct 1189: Conrad refused to help Guy at Acre
does help after October
October 1190: Sybil dies
November 1190: Conrad forcibly married to Isabella after she was forcibly divorced from Humphrey
Risks unity of siege of Acre
June 1191: Conrad shuts Richard out of Tyre
Oct 1191: Conrad conducts own negotiations w/ Saladin
Western Franks
Richard VS Phillip
Delayed departure of English and French armies
neither wanted to leave first b/c scared of losing land
Only arrive Summer 1191 + stopped siege of Acre
If had arrived earlier would have saved 10,000s of lives
Richard has more money than Phillip
b/c of successful collection of Saladin tax + capture of Cyprus
Richard can pay army more
Tempts french nobles to join Richard's army = undermines philip
After Acre Phillip demands 1/2 of booty and 1/2 of booty from Cyprus
Richard refuses to give booty from Cyprus
Aug 1191: Phillip left + took most of French army
Loss of manpower
Phillip spends rest of crusade conspiring w/ Richard's brother John to take Angevin empire
Richard leaves in March 1193 2 months before Saladin's death + collapse of Empire
If Phillip had stayed, Richard would have stayed longer
Bad strategy
Should have taken Egypt before Jerusalem
If took Jerusalem, would not be able to hold it when they left
wanted to disrupt Saladdin's trade
Religious zeal
Desire to take Jerusalem to fulfill vows prevented army from going w/ Richard to take Egypt
Marched to Jerusalem twice, argued and retreated
Could have taken Jerusalem on second try but Richard sulked in a tent = power vacuum in army
Saladdin was going to retreat on 2nd try but crusaders lost momentum
Saladdin used initiative and took Jaffa
Bickering meant that Saladdin was able to take down the walls of Ascalons before crusaders could take it = rendering it defenseless
Saladin's strength
Egypt's gold
Able to pay army = could call on troops from huge Empire
resources overstretched + ran out of cash summer 1192 b/c richard took Ascalon where Saladdin imported his gold