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Group Behaviour Foundations (Classifying Groups (Formal Group = Two or…
Group Behaviour Foundations
Classifying Groups
Formal Group
= Two or more individuals whose have an objective to achieve a goals defined by an organization's structure
Informal Group
= Group that is neither formally structured nor organizationally determined such a group appears in response to need for social contact
Social Identity
= Perspective that considers when and why individuals considers themselves members of groups
Ingroup Favoritsm
= perspective which we see members of our group as better as other people, an people not in our group as all the same
OutGroup
= Inverse of Ingroup, which everyone outside the group, but more usually an identified other group
Social Identity Threat ,
Individual believe they will be personally evaluated due to their association with a devalued group, and they may lose confidence and performance effectiveness
Group decision making techniques
Nominal Group Technique
= Group decision making method which individual members meet face to face pool their judgments in systematic but independent
Each Member independently writes down ideas about the problems
Each member presents one idea to the group, No discussion take place until all ideas have been presented or recorded
Group discusses the ideas for clarity and evaluates them
Each group member silently and independently rank orders the ideas,
Ideas with high aggregate ranking determine the
final decision
Brainstorming
= Idea generation process that specifically encourages any and all alternatives while withholding any criticism of those alternatives
Group Decision Making
Strength of Group
= Generate more complete information and knowledge, increase diversity of views, Acceptance of solutions
Weakness of Group
= Conformity pressures, dominated by one or a few members, ambiguous responsibility
Group are more
accurate in decision making, efficient in time, and generate creative and innovative thinking
Stages of Group Development
Roles
= Set of expected behavior patterns attributed to someone occupying given position in a social unit
Roles Perception
= Individual View of how he / she supposed to act in a given situation
Role Conflict
= Situation which an individual is confronted by divergent role expectations
Role Expectations
= How others believe a person should act in a given situation;
Psychological contract
= unwritten agreement that sets out what management expects from an employee and vice-versa
Interrole Conflict
= A situation in which the expectations of an individuals different separate groups are in opposition
Status
= Socially defined position or rank given to groups or group members by others
A person Ability to contribute to a group goals
The power a person wields over others
An Individual Personal Characteristics
Status Characteristics Theory
= Theory that states differences in status characteristics create status hierarchies within groups
Norm
= Acceptable standards of behavior within a group that are shared by group members
Conformity
= Adjustment of one's behavior to align with the norms of the group
Deviant Workplace Behavior =
Voluntary behavior that violates significant organizational norms and threatens the well-being of the organization or its members . Also called
antisocial behavior or workplace incivility
Reference Group
= Important groups to which individuals belong or hope to and with whose norms individuals are likely to conform
Cultures will influence the norms orientation, and create the behavior and attitudes of the personals
Outcome of norms :
Negative
: Rigid regulations, easily frustated
Positive
: great interaction with others, increase work teams, accept diversity
Size and Dynamics
Cohesiveness and Group Diversity
Cohesiveness
= Degree to which Group members are attached to each other and are motivated to stay in the group
Diversity
= The extent to which members of a group are similar to, or different form, one another
Create Cohesiveness?
Smaller Group, Encourage agreement with group goals, Increase the time members spend together, increase group status, stimulate competition, give reward to group, and physically isolate the group
Groupthink and Groupshift
Group think
= phenomenon in which the norm for consensus overrides the realistic appraisal of alternative course of action
Group shift
= Change between a group decision and individual decision that member within the group would make; the shift can toward either conservatism or greater risk but generally more extreme version of group original position