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The Peripheral Nervous and Endocrine System (located in the brain (located…
The Peripheral Nervous and Endocrine System
Divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System
Parasympathetic Division
Originates in brainstem and sacral (S1 through S4)
Has opposite effect of sympathetic. Will decrease respiration, circulation, heart rate, and reproductive function would be functioning.
Effector Organs- salivary glands, digestive and reproductive organs
Strong stimulation of salivary flow
Stimulates tear glands
Constricts pupil
Stimulates stomach motility and secretion
Inhibits heart, dilates arterioles
Stimulates intestinal motility
Constricts bronchi
Contracts bladder
Stimulates erection
will kick in normal day activities: Remember "D"- digestion, defaction (pooping), and diuresis (urination)
Sympathetic Division
activates what is often termed the fight or flight response.
operates through a series of interconnected neurons
sympathetic division of the spinal cord communicate with peripheral sympathetic neuron via a series of sympathetic ganglia
Cranial Nerves
12 pairs of cranial nerves
VI Abducens
lateral rectus eye muscle abducts the eye
VII Facial
motor- muscles of facial expression
sensory- taste
V Trigeminal
sensory-skin of face
3 branches
Motor-chewing
VII Vestibulococholear
sensory- hearing and equilibrium (balance)
IV Trochear
superior oblique muscle of eye
IX Glossopharyngeal
motor- secretion of saliva
sensory- taste,regulation of blood pressure, and proprioception of muscles involved in swallowing
III Oculomotor
mostly motor function-most of muscles of eye, eyelid, and pupillary constriction
X Vagus
sensation of chest and abdominal area
motor- smooth muscle contraction and relaxation, secretion of digestive fluid; heart,lungs
sensory- form visceral organs if supplies and proprioception
II Optic
arises from retina of the eye and functions in vision
XI Accessory
sensory- proprioception
head and neck movement
motor- swallowing and movements of head
I Olfactory
sensory nerve that functions in sense of smell
XII Hypoglossal
motor- movement of tongue during speech and swallowing
sensory- proprioception
speech
located in the brain
Endocrine Glands
Hormones of the pituitary gland
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH0
stimulates the adrenal gland to release cortisol
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
both involved with development of ovaries and testes
Prolactin
initiates and maintains milk secretion
Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
stimulates egg maturation in the ovary and releases sex hormones
Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
control basal metabolic rate by releasing thyroxine
Human growth hormone (HGH)
stimulates growth during infancy and puberty
melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH)
stimulates production of melanin in the skin
located outside the brain
Parathyroid Gland
located on backside of thyroid (4 little bumps)
increases blood calcium levels
Thymus Gland
piece of flesh that lies on top of heart
stimulates the development of the T-cells involved in the immune response
Thyroid Gland
Thyroid hormone (thyroxine, T3, T4)
controlled by TSH
control the basal metabolic rate
located in front of thyroid cartilage or Adam's apple
calcitonin
allows the calcium to move in from blood and stored into bone
decrease blood calcium levels
Pancreas
located behind stomach
controls blood sugar levels
insulin
decrease blood glucose
glucagon
increase blood glucose
Testes
Adrenal Gland
located on top of pancreas
adrenal cortex
outer layer
glucocorticoids or cortsol
responds to stress or injury and releases anti-inflammatory
activated by ACTH
adrenal medulla
Epinephrine (adrenaline)
stimulates the "fight or flight" response
inner layer
Ovaries
Pituitary Gland
Hypothalamus
produces hormones that stimulates the pituitary gland
posterior lobe
stores and secretes hormones that are made in the hypothalamus, such as antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin, and releases them to the rest of the body as necessary
oxytocin
stimulates contraction of the uterus during labor and milk "let down" or ejection from alveoli
Anterior lobe
makes and releases hormones under the control of the hypothalamus.
antidiuretic hormone
regulates fluid balance by increasing body fluid volume and decreasing urine output.
"master gland " that signals other glands to produce their hormones when needed
Pineal Gland
Melatonin
controls sleep cycles, alertness, and temperature