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Cancer (Carcinogens (Radiation (Exposure to UVB/UVA light increases risk…
Cancer
Carcinogens
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Chemical
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Some act directly, most require metabolic conversion from pro-carcinogens to ultimate carcinogens by an enzyme
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Epidemiology
Oesophageal carcinoma is high in Japan, China, Turkey and could be due to carcinogenic chicken and extremely hot coffee
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Neoplasms
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Neoplastic cell features: monoclonal, derived from nucleated cells (so cannot come from RBC), growth and synthetic activity is related to parent cell
Probability of neoplastic transformation increases with no. of cell divisions - this is why incidence of cancer increases with age
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Classifications
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Malignant
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Cause morbidity by:
Destroying adjacent tissue
Causing blood loss from ulcers
Forming mets
Obstructing flow
Producing hormones
Causing pain
Benign
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Can still cause morbidity by:
Putting pressure on adjacent structures
Obstructing flow of fluid
Producing hormones
Anxiety
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Histogenesis
Epithelium
Adenoma = Benign tumour of glandular epithelium. Prefix with cell type of origin e.g. thyroid adenoma
Papilloma = Benign tumour of non glandular, non secretory epithelium. Prefix with cell type of origin e.g. squamous cell papilloma
Carcinoma = Malignant tumour of epithelium. They can spread through blood, lymph nodes and bone
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Connective tissue
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Benign connective tissue neoplasms have tissue then 'oma' e.g. osteoma, angioma, lipoma
Basal Cell Carcinoma = Only of the skin. Invades locally and never spreads to other parts of the body
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Malignant tumours are graded depending on the extent at which they still resemble their origin of tissue. Useful for prognosis
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Anaplastic = Cell type of tumour is unknown. Differentiation is so low that cell origin cannot be identified
Exceptions to rule: Melanoma - malignant neoplasm of melanocytes, lymphoma - malignant neoplasm of lymphoid cells
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Key Definitions
NEOPLASM = A lesion resulting from the autonomous abnormal growth of cells which persists after the initiating stimulus has been removed. It is a new growth
CARCINOGENESIS = The transformation of normal cells to neoplastic cells through permanent genetic mutations
TUMOUR = Any abnormal swelling. Includes neoplasm, inflammation, hypertrophy, hyperplasia