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Lecture 2: Prenatal & Newborn (Newborn (Birth (APGAR scale (score=0…
Lecture 2: Prenatal & Newborn
Stages of Prenatal Development
Embryonic Stage
Start: Attachment to uterine wall ; End Formation of bone cells
Major achievements
Major organs formed at around 6.5 weeks
Movement
Growth (from 1/4 to 1 inch)
2nd to 8th week
Processes
Cell migration
Cell differentiation
Proximal-distal development (develop from middle out)
Apoptosis (cell death)
Cephalocaudal development (develop from head down)
Neurulation (formation of Neural tube)
Fetal Stage
Major achievements
Movement felt by mother
Sex (~12 weeks)
Hearing (~5 months)
Sensitive to light
Growth (3 inch to 20 inch)
Diff weeks
16 weeks
weighs 6 ounces, external body parts more distinct
18 weeks
Skin very vulnerable, sleeping & waking states
11 weeks
physiologically more sophisticated
20 weeks
10 inches long
9 weeks
four-chambered heart & facial features visible
22 weeks
Vernix formed (layer of fat that protects skin)
28 weeks
Growth slows: if same grow rate continues, child would weigh ~200 lbs at birth
Birth
Average 20 inches 7lbs/ 51cm 3.2kg
Start: formation of real bones; End: Birth
9th to ~38 weeks
Germinal Stage
End---Attachment to uterine wall
Formation of amnion
Formation of placenta
Major achievements
Rapid cell division, formation of blastocyst
Implantation into uterine wall
Start---Conception
Total Duration 2 weeks
Factors Influencing Prenatal Development
Critical/sensitive period
most susceptible during embroynic stage
during embryonic stage most major organ systems form
Every organ has specific critical period (refer to tb)
Other factors
Effects are cumulative
Infants of low SES moms particularly at risk
Mother's age, nutrition, level of stress
Father's age
Teratogens
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (long lasting effects)
High levels
Facial, limb defects
Emotional cognitive disorders
Small, underdeveloped brain
Low levels
also will have negative influences
Smoking
increase risk for
Lower IQ
Cancer
Sudden Infant Death Syndrome
Others
environmental pollution
Maternal diseases
Legal/illegal drugs
Poor nutrition, emotional stress
Radiation
Newborn
Reflexes
types
grasping
when an object is placed in an infant's hand, the infant's fingers will spontaneously curl inwards to grasp the object
moro
when a baby is startled by a loud sound/movement, the baby will throw back his or her head, extend out their arms & legs and then pull their arms and legs back in
rooting
when the infant's cheek is stroked, the infant will automatically turn his or her head towards the stimulus
babinski
when the sole of the foot is stroked, the big toe bends back towards the top of the foot and the other toes fan out
sucking
when newborns automatically suck their fingers. This is an adaptive function for feeding
screening tool for
Unequal bilateral reflex
Persistence of reflex
Abnormal strength/absence of reflex
Re-emergence of early reflex
an unlearned, involuntary response to a stimulus which mostly disappear in a few months
States of Arousal
Crying
adaptive--causes increase in heart rate & blood pressure in adults-->motivate adults to help
how to deal
Genuine distress/pain-->respond!
minor upset-->respond more slowly
Initially involuntary; becomes voluntary at ~6 weeks
Cultural differences
Sleeping
spend 50% of time in REM sleep
Stimulation Theory
Newborns have little visual input cos sleep a lot
REM makes up for this, helps vision develop
evidence
More visual stimulation while awake=less REM sleep
Appearances
Lanugo, Vernix, Newborn acne, Cone-shaped head
Birth
Squeezed very tightly during birth
Forces liquid out of lungs
Changes head shape
Anoxia--oxygen deprivation
APGAR scale
score=0
blue,pale, no pulse, no grimace,limp,no respiration
score=1
pink, extremities blue, slow pulse, grimace, some motion, slow irregular respiration
AppearancePulseGrimaceActivityRespiration
score=2
pink, rapid pulse, cry, active motion, strong cry
Premature/low birth weight
small, weigh substantially less than expected
Tactile stimulation eg. Baby massages
born >3weeks early
cognitive impairments, hyper & distractable, poor social skills & school performance
Newborn sensory capabiliites
Smell
Newborns recognise familiar smells
MacFarlane Study (6 day olds prefer own mum's smell than another lactating mother)
develops before birth
Prefer pleasant smells--banana, chocolate
dislike sour smells--rotten eggs, shrimp
prefer smell of own amniotic fluid
Hearing (Lecanuet et al)
habituation method to find out whether fetus respond
Auditory preference
women>men
infant directed speech
Native language > others
prefer own mother's voice
Evidence:Cat in the Hat study (Decasper & Spence)
Inner ear develops at 24 weeks
Auditory localisation
Don't have echo suppression
can't hear very soft sounds
Taste (Menella, Jagnow & Beauchamp)
Change facial expressions similar to adults
Evidence
babies who experienced carrot juice prenatally ate more than control babies
Preferences for sweet taste even before birth